New Public Management - 4647 Words

What is the New Public Management? And how has it expressed itself in the workings of public bureaucracies in the Caribbean? Introduction During the last twenty years, various public administrations of countries in Europe, North America, Latin America and the Caribbean, were characterised by a practical reform movement defined by Hood (1991) as the New Public Management (NPM). This is documented by other scholars such as Gernod Gruening (1998)[1], and Paul Sutton (2003). Throughout the literature, it is evident that the process of reform have been subject to different terminologies: Managerialism – Pollitt (1990); Market Based Administration – Lan and Rosenbloom (1992); Entrepreneurial Government – Osborne and Gaebler (1992).†¦show more content†¦Implementers of The Movement The NPM movement began to develop in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. The first movers were the United kingdom, which was reformed by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and communal governments in the US under Ronald Reagan which suffered heavily from recessive developments and tax revolts of their citizens. Later the national governments of other Commonwealth countries, mainly New Zealand and Australia joined, after news the reform successes in these countries, and administrative reforms got on the agendas of almost all OECD countries.[7] Philosophy of the New Public Management Some of the major philosophical underpinnings of the NPM were outlined by Teehankee (2003) and are very pervasive throughout the literature: †¢ Management culture that emphasizes the centrality of the customer †¢ Transparency with regard to resource allocation and results †¢ Organization that promotes decentralized control through a wideShow MoreRelatedNew Public Management ( Npm )1383 Words   |  6 PagesNew Public Management (NPM) was developed in response to some criticisms of the public sector. One of them is to make the public sector more financially accountable since they need to demonstrate to the government who provides them funding, that the money is being put into good use. They also need to ensure efficient resource allocation (Peyton) because resources are limited yet there is an increase in expectations and demands. For example, number of public hospitals and medical expertise may beRead MoreAdministration and New Public Management3752 Words   |  1 6 PagesProfessor, Public Administration, Tarbiat Modarres University, (TMU), Tehran, Iran. Email: hdanaee@modares.ac.ir The Streaks of New Public Management in Iranian Governmental Sector in the Frame of Privatization Policy Hassan Danaeefard1*, Seyed Mahdi Alvani2 and Mohammad Reza Noruzi3 1.Associate Professor, Public Administration, Tarbiat Modarres University, (TMU), Tehran, Iran 2.Professor, Public Administration, Allame Tabatabaee University, Tehran, Iran 3.EMBA, PhD candidate, Public Sector PolicyRead MoreThe New Public Management ( Npm ) Essay3668 Words   |  15 Pagesas market remains our focus of attention. Inception New public management (NPM) is basically management techniques and practices come from private sector. Now it is a global phenomenon. NPM emphasizes actually on shifting the traditional public administration to new public management. The key elements of NPM including various forms of decentralization within the public sector, the creation of autonomous agencies, reducing corruption in public administration, budgeting digitally, market focused economyRead MoreThe New Public Management Approach to Regulations626 Words   |  3 Pagesentrepreneurial politics, and social factors. Obviously, government agencies have a strong on hold on many of the decisions made here in America through regulations. Since we understand the synopsis of government regulations, lets look at how New Public Management approach to regulations. The differentiation between NPM and traditional managerial approach is staggering. The text does a fantastic job in describing the contrast between the two, â€Å"That a ruthless and efficient investigation and enforcementRead MoreNew Public Management Essay2564 Words   |  11 PagesNew Public Management Public sector reforms adopted in a number of countries such as USA, UK and New Zealand in the last fifteen years and characterised by efficiency units, performance management, contracting out, market type mechanisms, and agency status have come to be known as the New Public Management or NPM. Appearance of the NPM as shifting the paradigm from the old traditional model of administration has been promoted by a remarkable degree of consensus among the political leadership ofRead MoreFunding Infertility Treatment: The Impact of New Public Management.772 Words   |  3 Pagesthough one in six Canadian couples is define as infertilities the majority of Canada’s provincial governments do not fund infertility treatment through their health plans. Section one will examine New Public Management style of public administration. This section will look at why New Public Management developed. Who was the first government to use NPM. The benefits and cons of NPM. Section two will look at the economical side effect of NPM and lack of publicly funding IVF. This section will examineRead More New Public Management and Decision Making in UK Public Policy1424 Words   |  6 Pagesof New Public Management has impacted on decision making in UK public policy. New Public Management is generally used to describe a management culture that emphasises upon the citizen or customer as being central, as well as having accountability for results. It also suggests organizational structures and promotes decentralized control, many different types of service delivery mechanisms, including quasi-markets with public and private service providers competing for resources. New PublicRead MoreIct And The New Public Management Principles Long Term Action1889 Words   |  8 Pagesway. First and foremost, since the1980s, the liberalization and privatization of transport services has been fiercely discussed in many European countries and concluded with new combinations of public–private arrangements(Weber et al., 2014).this contribution of diminish role in public sector is from the New Public Management principles long term action. Since more than twenty years we can observe a shift in the European that a stronger part now private sector provided in transport services. TrafficRead MoreNew Public Management : The Case Of Police Department3203 Words   |  13 Pages New Public Management; the case of U.S Police Department Name: University: Faculty: Professor: Date: Abstract The purpose of this research paper was to understand the new public management (NPM), its writers and/or inventors and its applicability to the U.S police department. The design and methodological approach for this paper was in such a way that, it reviewed the various literature and history that existed concerning the use and application of this theory on public departments,Read MoreThe New Public Of Public Management796 Words   |  4 PagesThe New Public Service draws motivation from democratic political theory and alternative approaches to management and organizational design growing from the tradition in public administration theory. The government fulfills a responsibility to citizens because they ensure that there are procedures to guarantee successful operation of democratic principles through voting, representation and due process (Catlaw Denhardt, 2015, 2011, 2008). As citizens we have the role of developing the capacity to

Live Earth Free Essays

This week the biggest news about the environment are the Live Earth concerts scheduled across the globe.   Former Vice President Al Gore’s vision of an international musical effort to fight global warming has been big news for moths with musical acts like The Police and Smashing Pumpkins kicking off their reunion tours at the concerts. The problem with the media coverage of this even has been that it is mostly superficial. We will write a custom essay sample on Live Earth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sting’s announcement that The Police would use the concert to kickoff their reunion tour was bigger news than Gore’s efforts to find a way to plan a concert in Antarctica, so that all seven continents would host one of the concerts. The concerts are being billed as a chance to get 2 billion people together to raise awareness about global climate change, but the reality is very little about the concerts seem to be promoting global environmental awareness. However, Live Earth does seem to be promoting a sort of international relations above and beyond the governments of nations.   Though many of the concerts are in countries which are American allies, at least in some fashion, Gore has gone out of his way to include some big names that are in need of a climate wake up call. Live Earth China, in Shanghai, is in one of the fastest growing emitters of greenhouse gases. Live Earth Australia in Sydney will be under a hole in the ozone layer, but no one seems to be mentioning that. They are more interested in the reunions of Genesis and Spinal Tap at Wembley Stadium. The remarkable thing from an international relations stand point is that it pulls together musical artists from all over the world and all genres of music. Unfortunately, the international relations that it seems to be fostering are all feel good relations and require no actual effort from anyone involved. They simply have to show up and be entertained by some of the world’s top musicians and maybe listen to a few minutes of factoids about global climate change. In reality, the Live Earth concerts appear to be doing little to promote actual environmental awareness or international relations. Instead, it seems to be little more than an excuse for an international day of music. There is nothing wrong with promoting peace and environmental awareness through music, but Live Earth seems like a farce. How to cite Live Earth, Essay examples

Emergency Medical Technician and Past Firefighters free essay sample

Having to see other people get hurt and not being able to help happens to me a lately. In life many accidents occur whether we want them to or not. There are several movies like â€Å"The F456y7allen†, â€Å"Ablaze†, â€Å"Bad Day on the Block,† among others, that show how firefighters overcome the flames and save peoples’ lives while risking their own. Seeing these movies and looking at how accidents happen has inspired me to become what we call a â€Å"hero,† meaning a firefighter. To become an amazing leader such as a firefighter you need to be not only trustworthy and courageous, but you must also be able to work and communicate with other people under stressful conditions. One aspect of this profession that you not have considered is how incredibly varied and intense the job of a firefighter is. Firefighters solve many different kinds of problems every day, from simple medical emergencies to complex incidents like fires, floods, terrorist-related incidents and traffic accidents. We will write a custom essay sample on Emergency Medical Technician and Past Firefighters or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In order to complete these tasks, they have to have courage. Although it is dangerous, they can save many people from dying or getting hurt. Being respected by many children and adults is something that makes me want to become a firefighter (Aspiring Firefighters). If you are wondering how much I would work, most commonly firefighters work in 24-hour shifts, reporting to work at 7:30 am and working until 7:30 am the next day. On the average firefighters work a total of 56 hours per week, but since these hours are worked on a continual basis, firefighters enjoy a lot of time off. On the average firefighters work ten 24-hour shifts each month, leaving them to enjoy 20 days each month where they are off duty. (Aspiring Firefighters) Firefighters are scared while performing their jobs. If any firefighter tells you that he or she has never been in fear for his or her life, they are either new to the fire service, don’t want to frighten you, or perhaps appear weak (Aspiring Firefighters). A fireman suit has three layers of structural firefighting gear. The outer layer, which is water resistant and protects from puncture, is usually made of a Nomex/Kevlar blend. The thermal layer protects from heat. The Moisture Barrier keeps most moisture out, this is also usually made from some sort of nomex/kevlar blend This suit usually weighs up to 60 pounds. Although this suit is heavy it isnt impossible to wear and with many practice i will be able to succeed in helping people. If i am selected to be a firefighter, I will have to go through several stages of rigorous training. This lasts 2 months, 5 days a week from 7am to 5PM. If I complete the firefighting portion you will move on to your EMT-B (emergency medical technician) class. This lasts 3 months, 5 days a week from 7AM to 5PM. You will also have 2 hours of physical training a day; this is usually running and weight training. If you complete your EMT-B you will move onto EVOC (emergency vehicle operation class). This lasts about 1 month, 5 days a week from 7AM to 5AM. Once your training is complete, you will be placed in a station where you will be required to complete a 1 year probation period under the supervision of a preceptor as well as the company officer. International Firefighters’ Day (IFFD) is a time where the world’s community can recognise and honour the sacrifices that firefighters make to ensure that their communities and environment are as safe as possible. It is also a day in which current and past firefighters can be thanked for their contributions. There are many different qualities that make a firefighter a hero. They not only risk their lives to save other people’s, but they overcome many obstacles like having to go thru many different types of training, such as â€Å"EMT-B† and â€Å"EVOC†. They have to wear special clothing that weighs up to 60 pounds and work from about 7:30 am to 7:30 am the next day. Not every person could become a firefighter it takes courage, desire, and heart to be as dedicated to the job as these men and women are. I am definitely willing to overcome these obstacles to help and save many lives that are in danger. As renowned scholar and philosopher Joseph Campbell once said, â€Å"A hero is someone who has given his or her life to something bigger than oneself. †

Interdisciplinary Perspectives in Cognitive Psychology Essay Example

Interdisciplinary Perspectives in Cognitive Psychology Essay Running head: COGNITION AND REALITY Raymond Summers Psychology 202 Cynda Hopper Change Blindness: The Proof of Ignorance Cognitive psychology is not so much difficult to see in action, but rather it is difficult to understand why. This did not stop cognitive psychologists Daniel Levin and Daniel Simons. They proposed that when a person meets another object, if that object is not important enough to the person, that same person will in fact pay less attention to it. They performed two experiments involving young and old subjects with a wide range of intellect. In the experiment one of the psychologists, Levin, would ask for directions from a subject (Daniel J. Simons and Daniel T. Levin 1997). Some time after the directions were asked the other psychologists, Simons, would rudely interrupt the discussion by carrying a door between the subject and Levin. During this interruption Simons would switch places with Levin and continue carrying on the discussion. Approximately 50% of the subjects noticed the difference even though both psychologists wore different attire, were of different build, had different hair cuts, and had noticeably different voices (Daniel J. Simons and Daniel T. Levin 1997). The majority of subjects that noticed a difference were roughly the same age as the psychologists. They performed this same experiment again only this time they dressed as construction workers, both different costumes. This time less than half of the subjects noticed the difference. They theorized that the younger subjects are more likely to associate them to there social group and are therefore more aware of the psychologist. The older subjects, however, most likely decided that the psychologists are merely students asking for directions so therefore are less aware of the psychologist. We will write a custom essay sample on Interdisciplinary Perspectives in Cognitive Psychology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Interdisciplinary Perspectives in Cognitive Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Interdisciplinary Perspectives in Cognitive Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This is the first experiment to prove that change blindness can occur outside of the laboratory (Daniel J. Simons and Daniel T. Levin 1997). Since then scientist have correlated this test with real life situations, for example when your friend gets a hair cut and even though you seem them everyday, you still fail to notice. This among many others is just one example of the incredible situation of change blindness. Reference Daniel J. Simons and Daniel T. Levin. (1997). Change Blindness. In [PDF]64 65. Retrieved Nov. 14, 2011, from http://public. wsu. edu/~fournier/Teaching/psych312/Lab3ChangeBlindness/Change_Blindness_Simon97. pdf.

Why Do We Loe Music Essay

Why Do We Loe Music Essay Why Do We Loe Music Essay Why Do We Love Music? What is music? There’s no end to the parade of philosophers who have wondered about this, but most of us feel confident saying: ‘I know it when I hear it.’ Still, judgments of musicality are notoriously malleable. That new club tune, obnoxious at first, might become toe-tappingly likeable after a few hearings. Put the most music-apathetic individual in a household where someone is rehearsing for a contemporary music recital and they will leave whistling Ligeti. The simple act of repetition can serve as a quasi-magical agent of musicalisation. Instead of asking: ‘What is music?’ we might have an easier time asking: ‘What do we hear as music?’ And a remarkably large part of the answer appears to be: ‘I know it when I hear it again.’ Psychologists have understood that people prefer things they’ve experienced before at least since Robert Zajonc first demonstrated the ‘mere exposure effect’ in the 1960s. It doesn’t matter whether those things are triangles or pictures or melodies; people report liking them more the second or third time around, even when they aren’t aware of any previous exposure. People seem to misattribute their increased perceptual fluency – their improved ability to process the triangle or the picture or the melody – not to the prior experience, but to some quality of the object itself. Instead of thinking: ‘I’ve seen that triangle before, that’s why I know it,’ they seem to think: ‘Gee, I like that triangle. It makes me feel clever.’ This effect extends to musical listening. But evidence has been accumulating that something more than the mere exposure effect governs the special role of repetition in music. To begin with, there’s the sheer amount of it. Cultures all over the world make repetitive music. The ethnomusicologist Bruno Nettl at the University of Illinois counts repetitiveness among the few musical universals known to characterise music the world over. Hit songs on American radio often feature a chorus that plays several times, and people listen to these already repetitive songs many times. The musicologist David Huron at Ohio State University estimates that, during more than 90 per cent of the time spent listening to music, people are actually hearing passages that they’ve listened to before. The play counter in iTunes reveals just how frequently we listen to our favourite tracks. And if that’s not enough, tunes that get stuck in our heads seem to loop again and again. In short, repetition is a startlingly prevalent feature of music, real and imagined. In fact, repetition is so powerfully linked with musicality that its application can dramatically transform apparently non-musical materials into song. The psychologist Diana Deutsch, at the University of California, San Diego, discovered a particularly powerful example – the speech-to-song illusion. The illusion begins with an ordinary spoken utterance, the sentence ‘The sounds as they appear to you are not only different from those that are really present, but they sometimes behave so strangely as to seem quite impossible.’ Next, one part of this utterance – just a few words – is looped several times. Finally, the original recording is represented in its entirety, as a spoken utterance. When the listener reaches the phrase that was looped, it seems as if the speaker has broken into song, Disney-style. The transformation is truly bizarre. You’d think that listening to someone speak and listening to someone sing were separate things, distinguished by the objective characteristics of the sound itself. It seems obvious: I hear someone speak when she’s speaking, and sing when she’s singing. But the speech-to-song illusion reveals that the exact same sequence of sounds can seem either like speech or like music, depending only on whether it has been repeated. Repetition can actually shift your perceptual circuitry such that the segment of sound is heard as music: not thought about as similar to music, or contemplated in

Better Major: Computer Science or Software Engineering?

Technology powers our world and is deeply embedded into nearly every facet of our lives. The prospect of working with computers as a career is becoming increasingly popular with high school and college students; the number of computer science majors is rising every year, and even younger students are getting involved with programming and building computer hardware. There’s a good reason for this rise in interest. Demand is high for qualified employees in technology fields , and some of those positions offer particularly high pay and other perks. Someone has to invent, build, and maintain all that technology we use on a regular basis, and in the future, you might be the one filling that role. If you’re interested in pursuing a college major involving computers, however, you might be confused by the variety of different programs with different names that are available at colleges across the United States. Mainly, you’ll find a difference drawn between programs that go by the name â€Å"computer science,† and those that are called â€Å"computer engineering† or similar names. As a high school student with minimal experience in the field, you’re likely wondering what distinguishes these two fields, and which major it’s better to pursue. Read on for ’s take on this popular field and its variations. Variations exist in how different colleges and organizations use these terms, so it’s always a good idea to research what a particular major involves at a particular school. You might also find additional variations on this theme; MIT, for example, offers four different undergraduate majors that include computer science. Variations aside, however, here’s how computer science and computer engineering are generally used as specific titles for undergraduate majors. In some contexts, computer science can be used as an umbrella term that covers many different intellectual and academic endeavors related to computers. When it’s used as a specific field, computer science is typically more theoretical than computer engineering. It addresses the ways in which computers think on a fundamental level, requiring you to get to the root of how technology solves problems and meets human needs. If you want to study computer science, you’re going to have to take a lot of math courses — you might be surprised at the amount of overlap between the two fields. Your math studies will be higher-level and more abstract than what’s covered in typical high school math classes. An undergraduate computer science degree can qualify you to become a programmer or software developer, which is a job you can perform in almost any field, from healthcare to government to cutting-edge technology. Eventually, some positions or career paths may require you to get a master’s degree, but even with a bachelor’s degree alone, your career and income prospects are strong. You’re more likely to find computer science as an option at a wide range of top-tier colleges than computer engineering. For example, all the schools in the Ivy League offer majors in computer science, but not all offer the ability to specifically major in computer engineering. Computer engineering is generally considered to be a more practical, less theoretical major than computer science. While you’ll still need to build a strong math background, if you study computer engineering, you’ll spend more time working with actual computer hardware and focusing on practical, hands-on skills for working with technology and solving real-world technical problems. Some computer engineering programs are specifically intended to teach you what you’ll need to know for a career as an information technology professional. IT professionals work in every industry to administer and maintain computer networks, manage an organization’s computer resources, and troubleshoot everyday computer issues. Generally, computer engineering programs fall under a university’s engineering department, and may be grouped with electrical engineering. You’re more likely to find computer engineering (or a similar title) available as a major at engineering-heavy colleges and institutes of technology, or at public colleges that offer a particularly long list of majors. Check with your college for more information. There’s no definitive answer as to whether computer science or computer engineering is the better major. Each has its pros and cons, and each approaches the subject of computer technology in a different way. Each major will prepare you for a slightly different career path, but neither path is â€Å"better.† Practically speaking, you’re likely to find a lot of overlap between these two majors when it comes to what you’ll study. The basics of programming will be the same, and though computer engineering tends to involve somewhat less theoretical math, you’ll still need to build a strong understanding of how the subject relates to technology and programming. Desirable companies like Google are notorious for including difficult, math-heavy programming tasks in their hiring process, even if you won’t have to do that kind of problem-solving on a daily basis in that position. At the same time, practical skills in working with computers are always beneficial when you’re planning to go into a technical field. Rather than asking which of these majors is â€Å"better,† ask which of these majors appears to be the better fit for you — your needs, your talents, and your career plans. If one of these approaches to technology is particularly appealing to you, gives you opportunities to use your talents in a satisfying way, and allows you to achieve your personal goals for your adult life, it’s likely the better choice for you as an individual. Finally, your choice between computer science and computer engineering as undergraduate majors may be less important than your overall choice of college. Choosing a college that’s a good fit for you across the board is tremendously important, and the presence of your preferred major may not outweigh the absence of other features you find important. If you’re worried about your future career prospects, keep in mind that many jobs aren’t tied to one particular college major, and you’ll have time to amass work experience and other qualifications that are equally important. Also, remember that if you attend a competitive and well-regarded college (especially in the field of technology), having that recognizable name on your diploma will reflect well upon you, regardless of the specific name of your major. You’ll also need to take into account the differences between specific computer-related undergraduate programs at specific colleges. Not all computer science or computer engineering programs are the same, and while a certain type of program might seem preferable for you in general, there may well be exceptions. (For example, you might be especially excited to work with a certain professor, and that might influence your college choice.) Besides the importance of fit, you’ll need to consider that your future plans may change after you arrive at college. This is incredibly common — multiple studies have shown that a strong majority of students, perhaps as much as 80%, change their major at least once. If you choose a school that’s an all-around solid match to you, you’ll be better equipped to handle these future changes if they come to pass. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. You won’t always have a choice between computer science and computer engineering at a given college; many colleges only offer one or the other. However, as you incorporate your preferences regarding your major into your college choices, it’s wise to think about which path is a better fit. Here are some questions you can ask yourself to help assess whether computer science or computer engineering is a better choice for you, generally speaking: Again, there’s a lot more to choosing a college than whether the school offers the best possible major for you. Don’t focus too much on your major — it will only be one facet of your college experience and preparation for the working world, and it may very well change later on. Make sure you do your research about what else each college has to offer, inside and outside the classroom. Teaching style, campus facilities, financial aid availability, and the general â€Å"feel† of the campus are all important factors. Visiting the school is a good idea if it’s possible for you to do so, and talking to current and former students provides valuable personal perspectives. Technology is a burgeoning industry, and many high school students today are interested in building a strong background in the computer field. If you’re one of these students, it pays to get started early in exploring this field. Check out these posts from the blog for more information about options you might find interesting: Looking for more help navigating the often-confusing world of college admissions? ’s experienced advisors are here to help you with every aspect of the process. We can even match you up with a current college student who’s interested in computers and can offer specialized advice.

INDIVIDUAL CASE STUDY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

INDIVIDUAL CASE STUDY - Essay Example Thus its organizational culture and leadership strategies are reflected in its focused strategic initiatives such as SWOT, PESTEL analysis and so on. However its leadership related and organizational culture centric problems have been highlighted in order to focus attention on its current level of operations. Business strategy is defined as the longer term directional thrust of the organization with specific focus of attention on resource capability enhancement strategies to achieve organizational goals in a competitive environment to satisfy stakeholders’ demands (Johnson and Scholes, 2002). The Real Chocolate Company Inc. has been in business for approximately three decades and now has become one of the top hundred fastest growing small public companies in the USA. Its concentration on gourmet niche chocolate market in the US is particularly significant against the backdrop of ever increasing diversity and complexity of the gourmet chocolate industry. With almost 300 chocolates in the portfolio and a further 100 turned out on special occasions like the Valentine’s Day, the company has achieved a marvelous feat of targeting every segment of the gourmet chocolate market. The company’s success is determined by the quality and strange enough the quantity of the product. With a gamut of popular proprietary recipes of its own, the company has positioned itself in the US market with unparalleled success. Its use of the best ingredients and chocolates has led to the current wave of demand for its caramel-coated apples, truffles, toffees and fudges among others which include even a range of sugar-free sweets. The company has been marketing a health-centric line of products to the health conscious customer. According to the National Confectioners’ Association (NCA) in 2006 alone the retail sales of confectionery topped $ 28.9 billion in the US while that of retail chocolate

Recomendation Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Recomendation Report - Research Paper Example Employee turnover is high, while customer satisfaction is low. Professional duties comprise answering customer questions about services and possible complications regarding the use or repair of products. The quality of services is low, as noted by the customer complaints about unprofessional conduct and low quality assistance to their requests. Employees lack proper training in inter-human communications, computer use, and are insecure and inexperienced. So far, all new employees obtain only three days of training prior to their activation, and this training is based on mentorship. The knowledge gained through mentorship is limited to observations only, as the older employee must, in the meantime, assist customers as well. Combined with the lack of proper training and no opportunity for career development, employees leave the company. As a result, organizational development and training programs at the call centre will be addressed in this report. Job analysis and design represent th e first step. The former’s purpose is to improve organizational performance and productivity (Cook, 2007, Sl.7). Job analysis determines â€Å"duties and skill requirements of a job, and the kind of person who should be hired for it† (Dessler, 2002, p.60). Three components need to be analyzed. First, evaluate the organizational structure in order to determine the organization wide division of work, interrelationship of different positions and how the examined position â€Å"fits in the overall organization† (Dessler, 2002, p.62). This is where objectives are identified and refined (Cook, 2007, Sl.31). Supervisors should define long and short term goals of their departments to increase employee awareness of the company’s success. The second part is analysis of activities performed in a particular job (Dessler, 2002, p.62). Supervisors are consulted to verify the job analysis information obtained (Dessler, 2002, p.62). The third part is training of employee s, which aims at enhancing organization efficiency and job satisfaction by the employees (Clark, 2007, Sl.30). This part educates employees as per their particular position, standards, as well as provides them with tools to execute their duties according to satisfactory standards. Job Training Techniques Training will be directed toward the skills customer service representatives need in order to satisfy their customers, and also feel satisfied with their own performance. Psychological, as well as technological aspects will be addressed, such as correspondence on the phone and basics of Microsoft Office, as well as how to coordinate with the supervisor, mentor (mentee) and tech support (Everest Continuing Education, 2011 – 2012). More specifically, human performance technology will be used (Manu, 2004, p.12). This model aims to increase productivity and compliance with company goals (Manu, 2004, p.12). Causes of performance gaps have been identified. Thus, based on the object ives of the company, training guides will be designed and implemented (Manu, 2004, p.13). Performance objectives of the company and specific jobs are reflected upon job description and specification. These aspects will be clarified and taught to new, as well as older personnel. The training program will include services, measurement, and feedback requirements to the supervisor and human resources (HR); old as well as new tools and equipment; new services; and

Apple game Console Essay Example for Free

Apple game Console Essay Apple is planning to enter the intensely competitive gaming industry, dominated by three large competitors, Microsoft, Sony and Nintendo. Apple’s has success with providing quality products and, has already established markets for Mac computers, notebooks, TV, iPad’s, iPhone’s and iPod’s. As Apple has a reputation being high quality, stylish and, luxurious brand, the new game console will be perceived to have the same qualities. Step 1 Idea Generation With the new technology and changing consumer preferences the gaming industry is continuously evolving. With the right product catered to the market, differentiation can bring market share, profits and, growth. Using marketing research Apple needs to identify what is already in the market, the demand for them, how they could be improved and differentiated. Step 2: Screening Strength †¢Already established successful brand name †¢Loyal customers †¢Apple perceived as innovative, superior quality and, stylish products †¢Ability to generate higher profits due to premium price charged Weakness. †¢Failure in the launch of the first gaming system †¢Inexperience in the video game industry †¢Short life span on game consoles Opportunities †¢Apple caters to the premium market which has less competition †¢Continuously expanding market. †¢Consumer demand for new innovative products Threats †¢Intense competition from already established competitors †¢Challenges caused by the continuously evolving market to regularly release new innovative products to stay competitive. †¢Risk of reputation if the new launch fails. Step 3 – Idea evaluation At the evaluation stage Apple needs obtain an understanding about the consumer reaction towards the product using concept testing. It is important that the target market, the size of the market and potential opportunities are identified when deciding whether to enter the market. Consumer needs should also be identified and the console should be developed to satisfy their needs. Rough estimates of costs, revenue and profitability should be made to determine product feasibility. Step 4: Development As the product development requires substantial financial commitments, extensive research and development should be carried out before building a prototype. Apple should use innovation and creativity when designing the product ensuring target markets needs are met. Market testing should be carried out to identify the consumer responses and revisions should be done to avoid failures. Step 5 – Commercialization. Before the roll out, extensive advertising and promotion should be carried out to introduce and, to promote the product. As Apple has its own stores, consoles can be initially offered to the market without having to deal with dealers and middlemen. This allows Apple to gradually roll out product to the market. As Apple has already established brand name, the new console would surely thrive. However, they need to ensure that its operating capacity is not at a maximum point and can be increased if required.

Managing the Fire Service Essay example -- Fire Chief, Fire Department

"By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail." - Benjamin Franklin Various organizations fail to plan and which in most cases causes unnecessary stress on the entire organization. In order to be successful an organizations must set organizational controls. Organizational controls assist managers in their daily operations. Furthermore, Fire Chiefs must understand the essentials of organizational control. Jones & George (2011) suggested, â€Å"It helps managers obtain superior efficiency, quality, responsiveness to customers, and innovation-the four building blocks of competitive advantage.† (p. 261) In regards to superior efficiency, the Fire Chief and management staff must evaluate the organization as a whole. In other words, ensuring that the department is equipped with the best resources i.e. equipment, protective clothing, and fire stations. Secondly, the quality of service provided to the community. In essence, the fire department is look upon to respond wh en a crisis happens. However, with operating budgets being reduced this concept is affecting the overall responsiveness to customers. For instance, many fire departments are struggling to maintain there quality service. Another example, city mangers are instructing the Fire Chief to continue to operate with less money. However, city managers do not realize that restricting the budget they are reducing the standard that the community is use. Every year in October fire departments nation wide are required to conduct a Fire Prevention Month. During this time, the Firefighters promote fire safety education. Consequently, fire departments are being forces to limit education efforts. In fact, various departments are reducing the month to a week because of budget ... ... differentiating that employees have different motivations. On the other hand, I have learned different concepts such as SWOT to name a few. My leadership style has evolved through out my career. Every year I have grown in my leadership ability. For instance, communication even when it is not popular has served me well personally and professionally. Through the years, I have learned from supervisors good and bad traits that have molded me into the Fire Chief I am. Works Cited Beck, Klaus, (n.d.) Organizational Learning, Retrieved February 06, 2011 from http://www.sfb504.uni-mannheim.de/glossary/orglearn.htm Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2011). Essentials of contemporary management (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Smith, M. K. (2001) 'The learning organization', the encyclopedia of informal education, http://www.infed.org/biblio/learning-organization.htm. Managing the Fire Service Essay example -- Fire Chief, Fire Department "By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail." - Benjamin Franklin Various organizations fail to plan and which in most cases causes unnecessary stress on the entire organization. In order to be successful an organizations must set organizational controls. Organizational controls assist managers in their daily operations. Furthermore, Fire Chiefs must understand the essentials of organizational control. Jones & George (2011) suggested, â€Å"It helps managers obtain superior efficiency, quality, responsiveness to customers, and innovation-the four building blocks of competitive advantage.† (p. 261) In regards to superior efficiency, the Fire Chief and management staff must evaluate the organization as a whole. In other words, ensuring that the department is equipped with the best resources i.e. equipment, protective clothing, and fire stations. Secondly, the quality of service provided to the community. In essence, the fire department is look upon to respond wh en a crisis happens. However, with operating budgets being reduced this concept is affecting the overall responsiveness to customers. For instance, many fire departments are struggling to maintain there quality service. Another example, city mangers are instructing the Fire Chief to continue to operate with less money. However, city managers do not realize that restricting the budget they are reducing the standard that the community is use. Every year in October fire departments nation wide are required to conduct a Fire Prevention Month. During this time, the Firefighters promote fire safety education. Consequently, fire departments are being forces to limit education efforts. In fact, various departments are reducing the month to a week because of budget ... ... differentiating that employees have different motivations. On the other hand, I have learned different concepts such as SWOT to name a few. My leadership style has evolved through out my career. Every year I have grown in my leadership ability. For instance, communication even when it is not popular has served me well personally and professionally. Through the years, I have learned from supervisors good and bad traits that have molded me into the Fire Chief I am. Works Cited Beck, Klaus, (n.d.) Organizational Learning, Retrieved February 06, 2011 from http://www.sfb504.uni-mannheim.de/glossary/orglearn.htm Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2011). Essentials of contemporary management (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Smith, M. K. (2001) 'The learning organization', the encyclopedia of informal education, http://www.infed.org/biblio/learning-organization.htm.

Mike Rose’s “I Just Wanna Be Average”

Mike Rose†s â€Å"I Just Wanna Be Average† essay sheds light on troubled youth within the public school system. It makes you long for the days of American pride and service. Students placed in â€Å"tracks† to utilize overcrowded and faulty test systems. Identity lost due to poor instruction and lack of motivation. The influx of shattered images brought forth by the â€Å"Report of the French Commission on American Education, 1879† reminds us of a time long ago when education was for every child, not select few. Stoic instructors molding young minds in the quest to advance America as a whole. Civic pride and duty were influencing every aspect of American education. Both essays draw from the influence of education into the societal path into American mainstream society. Each school system is influenced by thoughts of bettering youth, but in much opposite ends of the spectrum. The French commission stated that the youth of America were offered the same curriculum in the hopes to form a united, equal society. America, as seen by the French, was a land of golden opportunities available to every child regardless of social standing. It was the basis for our country to survive. It safeguarded our standing in the world. Mike Rose†s school offered quite the opposite. It was a haven for long standing views on school being selective as to whom actually deserved the education. The only hope of the present school system is a few dedicated professionals. They could see the errors of the future and grasp to what made the system work in the past. Focusing on actual knowledge to better society at the basic level. The present day of education still draws from the past in the aspect that a school is only as good as a system will allow. The emphasis is on education regardless of pre-set notions. Society today wants citizens to play an integral part of their children†s education. Students today bring the hopes and failures of their family into the curriculum that is driven by teachers that are uninspired. This current thought allows the system to overlook the student who yearns to get out of the lower track and excel at the same equal pace as the higher student. The days of being created equal in the school system are long gone. The society that allows children to enter as equals often has them placed in a track before actual classroom time. The French commission saw American educators as the forefathers for society. It is a much different world. Mike Rose†s essay points out specific flaws of uninterested instructors and flawed systems of placement. Thus creating boundaries the average student can never surpass. Students today are far different than those of the French commission. In 1879, America was growing to keep up with the world. Education is the basis for any society to succeed. The thought of education today in America is to succeed for an individual basis. The overwhelming feeling of pride for America has diminished. Educational and family pride still drive America, but the school systems cater to individuals not to society. Students are marked upon entering school as to who will succeed and who will only become menial citizens. There are many classifications. Many factors of race, creed, and financial status influence education. There are no equal grounds for a student to stand on. American pride has gone the way side of personal enrichment. Students now are faced with the feeling of being inadequate upon entering the system. In 1879, everyone wanted to succeed. The only pre-requisite was to achieve an education. In this day and age education barely opens doors for the â€Å"average† person. The emphasis should be based on equal opportunities for every student. In this day and age educators are faced with financial constraints and overcrowding. Constant one-up manship of school systems place these perimeter†s on both educator†s and students. The equal school system of 1879 is no longer valid. Monetary issues factor into everything a school becomes. A quality education is place upon those who have money and not on the unfortunate who do not. Equality is a nice concept, but not one of reality. Instructors are underpaid and under appreciated. Both factors influence the degree of drive that is to be passed onto the students. America in 1879 admired the educator, and some odd 100 years later, scorn the very notion. Dedicated educators in this day and age are few and hard to find. The â€Å"average† educator is a direct result of America†s flawed school system. Both essays draw on the point of American education. Both have distinct classification. Both consider the student a part of society. The problem is that neither of them addresses the actual individual. Individuality is the cornerstone of American society. Cookie cutter molds are what the education systems of both are driven to achieve. The similarity of each essay states that education is something for America. Education should not be for the purpose of individuality, but to keep everyone in the designated place assigned to him or her.

Raed Hassan nabawy Essay

Obtaining an opportunity in your organization. I hope this will greatly improve my technical skills and further develop my experience. Experience NOV 2007- SEP 2012 unton National sank Dubai (IJAE) Senior Relationship Officer As Relationship Manager you will help people get the most from their money, make the right choices and make their money work for them. Often working for a bank or building society, you’d be the number one resource for customers to get advice on their account. This would range from their account details to advice on the best financial service for them. You’d have to assess each individual customer’s needs and accounts as well as generating new business and clients. Speaking with customers would be a large part of your day to day work, either over the phone, on the internet or face to face. You’d set up a meeting with them, discuss their financial needs and details and keep records, negotiate over financial products and keep your customers well informed and advised at all times. It would be important for you to keep up to date with the latest products, services and financial laws so you can give reliable advice. You will also be expected to meet sales targets, by offering them to clients and also drawing in new ones to increase business. 2004-2007 Mercedes-Benz Shuwaikh Kuwait Sales & Customer Service Making all invoices for the vans and trucks. Office Administration Responsible for shipmen for all vehicles and vans. Selling Vans and Trucks during Sales agents’ vacation. Correspondence with the HO in Germany for shipment. Handle with Clint after sale Solve the pro Education Languages Soft Skills blem tor customer Courses Studies Computer: Master Degree (MBA) Still study Graduation date : July 2003 College: modern academy Department: business administration English Grade: good with honor. Rank: Third Arabic : Mother Tongue English: Fluent French: Basic Outgoing personality. Good communication ; Organizational skills. Natural or professional selling skills. Excellent Interpersonal ; presentational skills. Organized, able to work under stress. Teachable, tactful and self-motivated. Ability to work in a group or individually according to the Job Body Language and Charisma , Union National Bank Introduction in Union National Bank English Grammar for everyday use, Union National Bank How to attract your prospect? , Union National Bank Selling Smarter, Union National Bank Sales Steps, Union National Bank Microsoft Windows Microsoft Office (Access, Word, Excel, PowerPoint) requirements

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The Electromagnetic Spectrum There are certain components that make the world around a better habitation and beautiful for human beings. One of such components is the light, which enables us to see each other, and it ensures a harmonious coexistence between human beings. It is unimaginable of living in a world devoid of light; such a thing would make survival very hard.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Electromagnetic Spectrum specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This report will look into the various types of instruments used to display light, and how they separate light into various components and how those components may be used in diverse ways of making the human survival on planet earth better. The first instrument in the separation of light, which require discussion, is the electromagnetic spectrum. The invention of this instrument that of late has been integrated into other devices meant a lot in the study of light as well as in a stronomy. The electromagnetic spectrum was first made from a prism, which separated white lights into different lights that were of different colors. The different colors came about because the natural light otherwise known as the white light made up different kinds of rays that travel at different wavelength. Though the electromagnetic spectrum did not indicate various wavelengths in which the light photons travelled at, it separated the light into various rays (Browning 39). The other instrument is the spectrometer that is one of the instruments used frequently in matters to do with separation of lights. It is notable that the natural light or the white light has various components that are important for people to be aware. These components of light are the infrared, the ultra violet rays and gamma rays. These components of light differentiated according to their wavelengths in order to distinguish them. One of the tools used in the separation of lights is the spectrometer and it separates the natural light into the diverse wavelength contained therein (Browning 44). The spectrometer is therefore an instrument that measures light by taking into consideration its wavelength. The spectrometer indicates the wavelength of the particular ray. It contains an electromagnetic spectrum, which separates different types of rays contained in a given white light directed to the spectrometer to measure the wavelength of that ray.Advertising Looking for research paper on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is because various rays mentioned above that is the infrared, the gammas rays the ultraviolet rays all travel in different wavelengths. The spectrometer indicated the length of the wave that is visible. This made it easier for the wave classification on whether it was for the gamma rays, X rays, the infrared or the ultra violet rays (Browning 54). The other type of device used in the se paration of lights is the spectroscope made using prisms, which has different levels of diffraction to diffract different types of rays on different wavelengths. The modern spectroscopes are modified with the integrated technology, that is different instruments placed in one device such that one device can perform various functions previously done by different kinds of instruments (Faust and Sternberg 67). The spectroscope therefore is a combination of electromagnetic spectrum, which is for diffracting different components of light and a photo detector to detect the light waves. Other than separating light into various components, the spectroscope detects the elements from which the light came from. Robert Bunsen and Gustav Robert put this method in place by explaining that when a particular element receives heat until it produces light is characterized by nature of that element. This means that each element has its own atomic components that are different from that of other element s. When that element is heated, it produces light whose wavelength and color is different from that of other elements (Jay 45). The other closely related instrument is the spectrograph that record spectrum of astronomic once it is obtained so that analysis can be done. This instrument was invented because of advancement in the field of photography. The advancement in photographic films, such that the films had effects of the other forms of light such as the infrared, the X-rays, the ultra violet rays meant that various waves of the lights could be captured and recorded on the film. The spectrograph therefore is a device combining the integrated technology of the spectroscope and the photographic film for recording and detecting various wavelengths emitted by different elements whose light the spectrograph can detect. The modern spectrograph separates the wave of a particular ray into frequency wavelengths that are visible. The recent spectrographs make it possible to view the detect ed ray on a computer thus making it easier to classify the type of light that the wave is from and the kind of element, which has produced such kind of light. The recording of these lights have also led to the discovery of paint pigments as well as new elements not known before (James 25).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Electromagnetic Spectrum specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The other instrument is the beam splitter, which is a device that splits natural light into two. It is a rectangular instrument with two prisms joined together. The beam splitter can also be made of a glass with one side covered with half silver. Depending on the kind of covers used, the beam splitter splits the light into different wavelengths visible to the human eye. Telescope is another device that is relevant to separation of lights, though its basic use is that of observation of remote objects or long distance objects it ma kes use of the principle of separation of lights to detect the space objects to such as the stars. The telescope combines and separates the rays emitted by the object. It then focuses on that particular ray and the path from which it has come from. That means that telescope is able to focus on one particular star without faltering or drifting to another star (Palmer 88). The modern telescopes are well advanced such that they have inbuilt integrated systems which analyze the elements and materials which are contained by the object which they are viewing. The modern telescopes can be categorized into the optical telescope and the radio telescope. The optical telescope increase the angular size of the object such that the object becomes larger and brighter thus making it more visible. The object when photographed is clear and the photos are stored for further scrutiny (Palmer 72). Other than the field of astronomy, these lens used in optical telescope have other uses such as in spyglas ses and binoculars. The optical telescopes have a further classification into various forms depending on the kind of ray that they use. This means that there are x-ray telescopes, infrared telescopes, gamma ray telescope, and ultraviolet telescope. The x-ray telescopes are used to detect metal components of the stars and other planets in the universe. The ultraviolet detect various elements but mostly used to look for plant components in other planets. The other form of telescope is the radio telescope. This kind of telescope does not deal with light only but it detects microwave radiations (Palmer 69). Conclusion The study of light has changed our world more than expected. The fiber optic used to transfer data from one place to another uses light. The separation of light can be credited to have contributed a lot in this because natural light alone with its potentialities cannot avail the gains brought about by various components of light. As stated earlier, though many theorists do not consider light as a basic need for human survival it is still a basic need usually presumed. Food, derived from plants comes about because of photosynthesis made possible by the availability of ultraviolet rays, which originate from the sun. The separation of light has also led to the discovery of elements that remained unknown until the rays indicated that there were such substances. Elements such as lithium and uranium are some of the elements whose existence came to be because of various waves.Advertising Looking for research paper on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other planets may be in oblivion without the instruments that made it possible to separate lights. In the past, only light from the sun-enabled people to see during the day. However, many wonders of the universe such as the planets and stars have been visible during the nights due to the separation of lights. Light is important in the basic survival of the modern man more than any other time in history. Browning, John. How to Work With the Spectroscope: A Manual of Practical Manipulation. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1989. Print Faust, James and Sternberg, Richard. The Design of Optical Spectrometer. Berlin: Chapman and Hall Ltd, 1969. Print. James, John. Spectrograph Design Fundamentals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print Jay, Pasachoff. Contemporary Astronomy. Philadelphia: Saunders Colleges Publishing, 1981. Print Palmer, Christopher. Diffraction Grating Handbook, 6th edition. California: Newport Corporation, 2005. Print

Critically evaluate the need for risk management in the event industry Essay

Critically evaluate the need for risk management in the event industry - Essay Example Risk management, as it relates to the event administration, may include action items such as fire evacuation procedures or it may be a minor problem from rowdy guests. Risk management, basically seeks to minimize the prospect of money or other forms of finance that can be utilized ineffectively or abused. It increases the profit margin for the company, by making sure that all resources are utilized safely, logically, and efficiently. Though, the actual process of risk management varies from company to company but in general, it requires support of owners, together with the management team, in order to filter the overall process and attain the lowest degree of risk possible. (What is risk management, 2003) As risk management is an integral part of any kind of business, it is also an essential component and a specific prerequisite for successful  event management. It combines many management disciplines, such as change management, knowledge management, strategy and leadership. Risk management can be considered as an informal decision making course that seeks to generate certainty from uncertainty.   The importance of risk management in the event industry has developed with the growing complexity and specialisation of service supply. Though, it does not prevent snow conditions from forcing event managers to cancel a festive marquee event, but not understanding and effective execution of useful risk management strategies can result in disastrous situations. Risk management, without any doubt, is significant part of the planning process. Analysing the risk, allows a firm to recognize the degree to which potential risks might impact the events. Risks can be measured in accordance to their possibility or likelihood of happening and they can also be considered in terms of the impacts of the risk or its consequences. Examining a risk and preparing risk matrices enable the managers to

Realism and Romantism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Realism and Romantism - Essay Example The core idea of the American Dream, would be the individual citizens ability to achieve a level of existence, that would enable them to live their live to the fullest. To not only provide for themselves but also, include the opportunity to be able to provide for their families as well. As it stood for many, the attitude towards the American Dream would be one of a wistful state. Many would desire it and hope to achieve it. On the other side of the equation, there would be those that felt the elements of the American Dream would be nothing more, than a capitalist viewpoint and the encouragement of a mentality that promoted greed through mass acquiring of products. In the earlier days of the nation, the assessment of the American Dream would take on the appearance of an innocent and romantic idea, something that would have taken such an appearance if documented by those writers of the Romanticism era of literature. As literature would enter into the more realistic era of time, those e arlier thoughts would in fact be adjusted to be more in line with the time period around them. During the period of the romantics, well known authors would have included Mark Twain, Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Edgar Allen Poe. As for motivations during this period, "American poets like Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Edgar Allen Poe were inspired by nature, patriotism, and religion to create inspirational and experimental poetic works," (Lombardi, p.1). With such relevance placed upon the notions of being patriotic in this instance, individuals such as Whitman, Dickinson, Emerson and Poe, would have found their beliefs of the power of the American Dream, to be heavily influenced by the period which they would have been writing. To have such a level of patriotism running through their respective veins, it would have only seemed natural to assert the benefits and strength of the nation and what it would offer to anyone who lived within it. With the inherent power that lies within the written word, the ability of an author to ai de in the influence of ideas and discussion, would have been present and used by the very authors who published during the era itself. Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson and Mark Twain, among others, would also be mentioned within the period of realism, thus bringing light to the varied level of period ability that each would have had, as it came to producing works during those points in time. As it came to literature and the element of romanticism, it would have been, "The period between the "second revolution" of the Jacksonian Era and the close of the Civil War in America saw the testings of a nation and its development by ordeal. It was an age of great westward expansion, of the increasing gravity of the slavery question, of an intensification of the spirit of embattled sectionalism in the South, and of a powerful impulse to reform in the North. Its culminating act was the trial by arms of the opposing views in a civil war, whose conclusion certified the fact of a united nation dedicated to the concepts of industry and capitalism and philosophically committed to egalitarianism," (Harmon, et. al., p.1). Heavily emphasized morals and a predominant level of

Asset allocation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Asset allocation - Assignment Example High yield corporate bond- BofA Merrill Lynch US High Yield Master II Total Return Index Value has the second highest standard deviation after the US treasury. But it is attractive to household investors since corporates like banks and insurance firms will invest in the US treasury fixed income securities. This particular allocation receives the second best return and steady coupon rate over the term of the bond. The standard deviation of 5 year term is 8.63% while for 20 years is 8.86%, given that the minimum age of investor presented begins at 39 years old, this is the best option of getting a good coupon rate and yield in the short term if he/she chooses the 5year bond or in the long term if he /she choose the 20 year bond. This investment is however volatile due to the relatively high standard deviation. Assuming the investor bought $1000 par value bond which had maturity of 5 years, he will get 15 bond certificate each $1000(total of $15000), and the eventual return in the short term will be $2556.75, which is greater than the 20 year term. However the investor will get fewer half year coupon payments in the 5year term relative to the 20 year term. Correlation (High yield, Large Cap) = (0.115), Correlation (High yield, mid cap) = 0.715, Correlation (High yield, Total bond) = 0.692. On the other it is negative correlated with the small equities market and the treasury bonds, that is; correlation (high yield, treasury) = -0.467 and correlation (high yield, small cap) =-0.074. This implies that the as much as the client may be constrained with expense of mortgage payment and other household payment, the investor can still get a good return on the 5 year high yield bond and at the same time investing in the treasury bonds and shares in the medium and large stock markets. The price rises for both rises positively, if the yield on

Pluralism Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pluralism - Coursework Example In the framework of this view we can see that in the world there are those who will have the light of the gospel, and those who will not; "Existing Light" View. This one implies that those who respond positively to the light will have be able to get the salvation without further light; "Greater Light" View. Here it is asserted that ‘those who respond to the light, will be given greater light’; "Later Light" View. Here it is said that the chance to hear the gospel and respond for or against Jesus will be certainly given to those who have never heard of Christ at the Second Advent or after death. The self-assessment of the Christianity, in context of pluralism varied from insisting on its exclusivity to the recognition of the other religions - and is still not fully defined. Many Christians insist that life in Christ leads to the life in the world of future, while all other religious with their pluralism reflect different ways of the human attempts to get the Gospel Truth within the framework of

Effect of Alcohol on Human Sperm In Vitro

Effect of Alcohol on Human Sperm In Vitro EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON HUMAN SPERMATOZOA IN VITRO: SPERM CHROMATIN DISPERSSION TEST AND ROS. Omkar Pokharkar, Dr. Himanshu Patel, Madhuri Patel, Vidisha Bhatt. Abstract: This study was carried out to find the detrimental effect on human spermatozoa when exposed to alcohol/ethanol in vitro. For this study semen samples obtained from 12 healthy individuals were washed using the sperm preparation technique and each washed samples were divided into equal aliquots. Then ethanol at various concentrations of 60 mm and 120 mm were added to the aliquots labeled as test samples and samples without ethanol were considered as control samples. All samples with or without ethanol were incubated for 1 hour (60 minutes) at 370C. These samples when subjected to semen analysis after exposure to ethanol, it was found that samples added with 60 mm ethanol showed a decrease in motility and vitality, sperms in samples with 120 mm ethanol were almost static with minimum motility. Sperms in both test samples revealed degraded vitality. DNA fragmentation test or SCD when carried out it was revealed that ethanol caused DNA fragmentation in sperms and as the concentr ation of ethanol increased, DNA fragmentation also increased, motility of sperms decreased and morphology was affected to some extent such as the head and tail defects which was less in the control samples. The sample aliquots with 120 mm ethanol showed morphological abnormalities. The ROS test performed using Agarose-N-gel tubes on the unwashed/raw samples exposed to ethanol in different concentrations revealed the highest oxidative stress displaying dark purple color and unexposed samples showed light pink color indicating low oxidative stress. Reactive oxygenspeciescan damage DNA bases and can cause lesions that block the progression ofreplication. This study proved that, alcohol when consumed can destroy sperm mobility, vitality and causes high fragmentation levels. Keywords: Ethanol, sperms, DNA fragmentation, motility, vitality, ROS. INTRODUCTION: Alcohol is a drug which is classified as depressant, when consumed in low/controlled volume it can induce the stimulant effect, but if an individual consumes excess alcohol then he experiences the depressant effect. Alcohol is produced by fermentation of yeast, sugars, and starches. Alcohol gets absorbed rapidly from the stomach and small intestine into the bloodstream. Once alcohol enters the stomach, up to 20% of it gets absorbed and directly enters the bloodstream. Within minutes, alcohol reaches to the brain. Even various nutrients are not capable to pull this off. The remaining alcohol enters into the intestines and is absorbed along with the nutrients. Only a small amount of alcohol is excreted from the body through urine, sweat etc which is not enough to get rid of alcohol in the blood stream.When the alcohol is consumed, the human body is hardwired to metabolize alcohol immediately that means the body stops metabolizing all other things just to metabolize alcohol first becaus e protein, carbohydrates, and fat, can be stored whereas alcohol cannot be stored in the body so it has to be metabolized first and excreted as soon as possible. Alcohol can affect every organ in the consumer’s body and can damage the developing fetus in woman who is pregnant. Also alcohol has the potential to severely damage sperms. If alcohol consumption is fairly regular then it will affect sperm motility and vitality in men. Heavy alcohol consumption lowers the sperm count leaving the person infertile and the levels of free radicals generated due to alcohol can break DNA strands in the sperm cells. The aim of this study was focused on the effects of alcohol on sperms and mainly on the level of DNA fragmentation and oxidative stress caused in sperm samples due to alcohol in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For the study of alcohol effects on sperms in vitro, Semen samples from 12 healthy men (non-alcoholic) aged 21 – 27 were collected in wide mouthed sterile collection containers and Sperm samples were obtained during 3-4 days of sexual abstinence and liquefied for 20-30 minutes at room temperature. The quality of the sperm is judged on the basis of its morphology and movement patterns or motility and vitality. For in vitro study, sperm samples from healthy individuals were washed by swim up from pellet method, which is a very common method for retrieval of viable sperms and has a high success rate. All the washed samples were divided in 3 equal aliquots of 0.5ml. Ethanol in different concentrations of 60mm and 120 mm respectively were added to 2 sample aliquots labeled as test samples and 1 aliquot was un-exposed to alcohol labeled as control sample. These samples were incubated for 60 minutes at 370C and subjected to semen analysis according to the guidelines set by world heal th organization. Sperm count and motility evaluation was done under bright field microscope, morphology was studied by making smears of sperms on the slides and was stained using Giemsa stain. pH was observed by using a pH strip and vitality of the sperms were noted by staining sperms with eosin and nigrosin stain. Morphology was judged by referring the types of sperm deformities proposed by WHO (World Health Organization., 2010). Motility was calculated by using a formula: 100 X (number of motile spermatozoa)/ (total number of spermatozoa counted). Also for calculating vitality percentage: 100 X (number of viable spermatozoa)/ (total number of spermatozoa counted). More than 500 spermatozoa per ejaculate were evaluated for estimation of sperm motility and vitality. The outcome of this analysis was noted. The rest of the control and test samples were used for DNA fragmentation test. SPERM CHROMATIN DISPERSION TEST: The test aliquots were added with various concentrations of alcohol (60mm and 120mm respectively) to see what concentration of alcohol will affect the DNA of the sperms. The control sample (0.5 ml) with no ethanol and 2 test samples (0.5 ml each) mixed with ethanol incubated at 370 C for 60 minutes were subjected to DNA fragmentation test. Requirements per sample were 3 coated slides, 1 for control and other 2 for test. The procedure involved addition of sperm samples of both test and control to agarose tubes which were previously boiled for 2 minutes. After adding and mixing the 40 Â µl droplets of sperms from both control and test samples in the agarose tubes, a total of 150 Â µl droplets of sperm samples from each tube was extracted using micropipette and was laid on pre-coated slides. Cover slips were placed on the droplets for even distribution of sperm sample immersed in agarose matix on the slide. The 3 slides of 1 control and 2 test samples were kept inside a fridge for 6 m inutes to solidify the agarose gel in which sperms were added. After this step, cover slips were removed in such a way that the gel integrity was not disturbed. Acid denaturant (1 ml) was laid on the slide for 7 minutes and was drained. Then 1ml of lysis solution was overlaid on the slide for 20 minutes and was drained. Then both test and control slides were washed with 20 ml of distilled water and were overlaid with 1 ml each of dehydrating solutions 1, 2, 3 for 2 minutes each. After disposing or draining the dehydrating solutions, the slides were air dried for few minutes. Stain was prepared by mixing stain solution and stain diluting solution. The slides prepared for each of the 12 samples were stained for 3 minutes and were washed in a beaker filled with tap water to remove excess stain. Slides were again air dried for few minutes before observing under bright field microscope for halos. For calculating percentage of DNA fragmentation: 100 X (Number of spermatozoa with fragmente d DNA)/ (Total number of spermatozoa counted). More than 450 spermatozoa per ejaculate were evaluated for estimation of sperm DNA fragmentation (Omkar pokharkar et al., 2015). For this study, A Sperm DNA Fragmentation Detection Kit called ‘CANfrag’ [REF No.CA-001], provided by ‘CANdORE Bioscience’, Ahmedabad, Gujarat was used to assess the levels of sperm DNA fragmentation in the samples. This entire procedure was followed for all 12 samples and it took around 18 days (10th February –27th February, 2015) for completion of the study and to arrive at results. ROS (reactive oxygen species) test: A Reactive Oxygen Species detection kit called ‘CANros’ [REF NO.CA-002] also provided by ‘CANdORE Bioscience’ was employed for mapping oxidative stress in exposed and un-exposed samples. Along with washed samples of test and control, 2 aliquot (test) of raw samples of 0.5 ml each was also added with ethanol in various concentration of 60mm and 120 mm respectively and control raw sample of 0.5ml was un-exposed to alcohol. After incubation of both control and test samples for 60 minutes in an incubator at 370C, ROS test was conducted by heating the Agarose N-Gel tubes in boiling water at 90-100Â ºC for 2 minutes to melt the gel. The tubes were cooled down for 2 minutes at room temperature before addition of the sample. 0.2 ml of semen sample was added and mixed thoroughly with the melted agarose gel and air bubbles were avoided. The Agarose-N-gel tubes were then placed in an incubator at 37Â ºC for 60 minutes. After incubation the color changes were observed immediately and were compared with the color code mentioned in the ROS kit to determine the level of oxidative stress present in the sample (Omkar pokharkar et al., 2015). The results of this test were noted. RESULTS: The pH of both exposed samples (60mm and 120 mm) was in the abnormal range. Alcohol affected the pH of the samples in which it was added and increased with the increase in the concentration of alcohol. Morphology of sperms was affected by alcohol to some extent only in samples with 120 mm ethanol/ 0.5 ml of sperm sample. The sperm count in all the samples remained in normal range at these concentrations. The average sperm count for all samples throughout the study was in the range of 60 to 70 million sperms/per ml. The average percentages of motility and vitality obtained for all 12 samples were calculated and framed in the table below. Results are mentioned in the chart and table form below: Table I. Semen parameters for both alcohol exposed and un-exposed samples Chart I. Effect of alcohol on sperm motility The motility in sperm samples was decreased due to alcohol exposure. Motility in samples un-exposed to alcohol showed excellent motility and samples exposed to the alcohol showed a decrease in the motility as the concentration of alcohol increased. Chart II. Effect of alcohol on sperm vitality The chart mentioned above indicates that, the sperm un-exposed to the alcohol showed an excellent range of vitality percentage while the exposed samples at various concentration of alcohol showed a constant drop in the vitality percentage. The table mentioned below represents the average DNA fragmentation percentages obtained for all 12 samples. Table II. DNA fragmentation in exposed and un-exposed samples Chart III. Sperm DNA fragmentation due to alcohol Figure I. Original picture of DNA fragmentation slide un-exposed to alcohol (control slide) It is evident from the picture above that, the samples un-exposed to ethanol showed maximum sperms with intact DNA displaying large halos. On the other hand, the samples exposed to ethanol in concentrations of 60mm and 120mm showed maximum sperms with fragmented and degraded DNA and revealed minimum sperms with intact DNA displaying small and no halos. Below is the picture showing fragmented and degraded sperms. Figure II. Original picture of DNA fragmentation slide exposed to alcohol [60mm and 120mm (test slide)] ROS (reactive oxygen species) TEST. ROS test were performed using freshly collected semen samples. Test aliquot of core samples exposed to alcohol at concentration of 60mm/0.5 ml and the 2nd test aliquot exposed to alcohol at concentration of 120mm/0.5 ml of semen sample produced dark purple colour. On the other hand control aliquot un-exposed to alcohol showed light pink colour. Low levels of ROS (un-exposed samples). light pink Table III. Reactive oxygen species result for alcohol Dark purple color was obtained for both test samples which indicated that highest level of oxidative stress was induced in the sample due to alcohol. Whereas samples un-exposed (control) to alcohol showed light pink color. Alcohol, at even low concentrations can achieve highest levels of ROS. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that alcohol in high concentrations can damage the sperms in every possible way and make it non-viable. The results mentioned above point out to the fact that as the alcohol/ethanol concentration increases, the sperm quality decreases. Motility in control samples was greater as compared to both the test samples (see Chart I). Vitality in sperm samples went on degrading as the ethanol concentration increased (see Chart II). Morphological abnormalities were mostly scored on the test slides with 120 mm ethanol and samples with 60 mm ethanol and control samples with no ethanol showed a normal range of morphological defects and pH of samples also increased with the increase in concentration of alcohol (see Table I). This indicated that the alcohol in high concentrations can damage the physical appearance of sperms. The number of sperms with fragmented DNA was most prominent in the test samples with 120 mm ethanol and 60 mm ethanol. On the other hand, control samples sho wed fewer fragmentations (see Table II and Chart III). The sperms with fragmented DNA disperse small halos and most of the time no halos were observed (see Figure II) and sperms with intact DNA disperse big halos (see Figure I). By this method, it becomes easy to map the fragmented and non-fragmented DNA of the sperms. ROS test was conducted to evaluate the findings and it gave the further evidence of fragmentation caused due to alcohol in vitro by achieving dark purple color in the Agarose-N-gel tubes by reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium and un-exposed samples managed to display light pink color indicating low levels of free radicals (see Table III). Reactive oxygenspecieshas the potential to damage DNA bases and can cause lesions that blocks progression ofreplication. Damaged sperm chromatin contains base adducts and the prominent adducts found in human sperm DNA are 8OHdG (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine or 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2–deoxyguanosine) present in nuclear and mitochondr ial DNA is one of the predominant forms of free radical-induced oxidative lesions, and is widely used as a biomarker for oxidative stress and carcinogenesis also two ethenonucleosides such as 1,N6-ethenoadenosine and 1,N6-ethanoguanosine are found in sperm DNA. Single strand breaks are the direct consequences of oxidative attacks on sperm DNA. DISCUSSION: As the coin has 2 sides, alcohol too have a good and a bad side. It depends how the individual use the alcohol and for what purpose. Alcohol is in use for scientific purposes as well as for production of beverages such as beer and wine for centuries. Applications of Alcohol in the field of science date back to 18th century when it was used for dressing up the wounds and to sterilize the equipment for surgery (civil war in U.S. 1850’s). Today along with these applications, alcohol is also used as antifreeze, preservatives, fuels, and also as solvents. But high consumption of alcohol is not beneficial in any way; Addiction to alcohol could severely damage the reproductive system of that individual making him infertile. A few studies around the world indicated that consumption of alcohol every day can effectively reduce the sperm count and quality of the sperm degrades as the consumption of alcohol increases. The people with disorders such as ‘auto brewery syndrome’ (gut fermentation syndrome) have very less reproductive capabilities. In this type of syndrome body produces alcohol through endogenous fermentations within the digestive system. A fungal infection of ‘Saccharomyces cerevisiae’ in gastrointestinal tract is responsible for this condition. This constant production of alcohol leads to several other body problems such as kidney failure, liver dysfunction and leydig cells in the testes are damaged which are responsible for production of testosterone and the levels of testosterone in blood drops and also Sertoli cells present in the testes are affected which interferes with sperm maturation. Immature sperms present in the ejaculateare not capable to move and fertilize the egg. The aim of this study was focused on in vitro effects of ethanol which involved direct exposure of ethanol to sperms which caused more damaging effect. However, in vivo study of effects of alcohol on sperms would produce more promising and accurate resu lts as compared to in vitro study because alcohol undergoes elimination by various metabolic mechanisms that occur in the body. The enzymes involved are aldehyde dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450 and catalase. The interaction occurring between alcohol byproducts obtained after metabolism and other cell components, leads to the formation of dangerous compounds such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Alcohol metabolism occurs primarily in the liver. Alcohol undergoes detoxification procedure and gets eliminated from the blood by the process termed as oxidation. Oxidation inhibits accumulation of alcohol and prevents destruction of cells and other organs in the body to some extent. So the in vivo results would be much different than in vitro study as the alcohol undergoes metabolic paths. In in vitro study direct exposure of ethanol caused high fragmentations and more damage was inflicted to the sperm parameters (motility, vitality, morphology, and pH). It can be con cluded that, consumption of alcohol is associated with degradation of sperm quality which can be reversed to some extent upon alcohol consumption discontinuation which would reduce the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and intake of antioxidants on a regular basis would maintain low concentration of free radicals and will protect the DNA of sperms from damage. AKNOWLEDGEMENT: Authors would like to thank the entire team of stem cure pvt ltd, center for reproductive medicine and stem cell development – Ahmedabad, India, for their contribution whenever needed. Authors would also like to thank Komal Patel for providing laboratory equipments to carry out this study. REFERENCES: [1] World Health Organization. (2010). WHO laboratory manual for the Examination and processing of human semen (5 ed.). (D. T. Cooper, Ed.) geneva, Switzerland. [2] Omkar pokharkar et al. (2015). Effect of Wi-Fi radiations on sperms in vitro:Sperm DNA fragmentation test and ROS. International journal of healthcare sciences, III(1), 26-30.

The Speeches of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Declaration of Sentiments, Solitude of Self, and Home Life :: the women’s movement

The Speeches of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments†, â€Å"Solitude of Self†, and â€Å" Home Life† Not long ago, in the nineteenth century, the words that our forefathers wrote in the Declaration of Independence, â€Å"that all men were created equal,† held little value. Human equality was far from a reality. If you were not born a white male, then that phrase did not apply to you. During this period many great leaders and reformers emerged, fighting both for the rights of African Americans and for the rights of women. One of these great leaders was Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Stanton dedicated her entire life to the women’s movement, despite the opposition she received, from both her family and friends. In the course of this paper, I will be taking a critical look at three of Stanton’s most acclaimed speeches â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments†, â€Å"Solitude of Self†, and â€Å" Home Life†, and develop a claim that the rhetoric in these speeches was an effective tool in advancing the movement as a whole. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born November 12, 1815, in Johnstown, New York. She was born unto a conservative, Presbyterian family of considerable social standing. Her father, Judge Daniel Cady, was considered to be both a wealthy landowner and a prominent citizen with great political status (Banner 3). Stanton was one of seven children, 6 of which were girls, to be born to Daniel and Margaret. Growing up in the period that she did, Elizabeth was very fortunate to receive the outstanding education that she did since it was not as important to educate daughters as it was sons. She overcame that boundary when she began attending Johnstown Academy. She was the only girl in most of her classes, which was unheard of in those days. Even when females did attend schools, they were learning about â€Å"womanly† things, like how to run a household, not advanced math and science courses, like she was in. She then went on to further her education at a very prominent educational institu tion, Emma Willard’s Troy Seminary. After that she studied law with her father, who was a New York Supreme Court Judge. It is through this training that her awareness was raised about the discrimination that women were subjected to. In 1840, Elizabeth married an abolitionist organizer named Henry Stanton, much to her family’s dismay.

Patient and Hybrid Record Essay

1. What is the potential impact of the copy/paste functionality on the integrity of the data and information contained in an EHR? The copy/paste function opens the possibility for fraud, medical error and risk for malpractice claims. Fraud could occur when a copy/paste function is used and than an insurance company is billed for the procedure/services 2 or 3 times. When in reality the procedure/service was only completed once. Medical error can occur with the copy/paste function, when a nurse reads a chart made by a doctor who copy/pasted instructions or initiates a procedure that was already completed but the doctor didn’t realize that they copy/pasted it again. Than the nurse completes the procedure again, which can have fatal results. Thus opening the door for malpractice and even criminal suits. Thus the integrity of the whole file would have been compromised by on click of a button. 2. How does copy/paste functionality affect reimbursement? The copy/paste function can affect reimbursement because your insurance could get billed several times for the same procedure that was only completed once. Than your insurance could potentially deny the whole procedure leaving you with the bill and the headache of getting it sorted out. The other side of the coin is that with copy/paste function being used could make it to where someone else’s insurance gets billed if the last copied document is from another’s file than they clicked onto your file and though they highlighted something new but didn’t causing a whole new set of problems. 3. What measures can a hospital take to improve data integrity in their EHR while still achieving their goal of streamlining the documentation process? There needs to be educational training on the functionality of the copy/paste function and when and where it should and should not be used. EHR professionals need to come up with some new software applications that would cut down on the amount of functions that can be implemented into one document without a review by a trained professional. New better software and proper training is the way to go in my opinion. Don’t let staff get lazy and complacent with using the copy/paste function. 1. What impact can a hybrid record have on patient care? The hybrid record could have negative and positive effects on patient care. One negative effect would be that it would take longer to access and put together if a whole file is requested. Another negative would be just where exactly is all of these paper records being kept. A positive effect of the hybrid record is that if the computer system is compromised in some way there would be a paper record. 2. How might the hybrid record change health information management? The hybrid record would change health information management because you would have to have employees to care for all these records, as well as employees for the computer files thus creating more staff and costing more. There would of course have to be training on how to properly handle the hybrid record having thus an effect on the health information management team. Who would have to implement training, schedule personnel off to take the training find yet others to cover for that training. Again costing more money and time. 3. How might a hospital overcome some of the issues created by the hybrid record? To overcome some issues created by the hybrid record you would have to have good education/training in implementation of new data, new software and soft- ware development. Different sections of the hospital should help in the development of software that would be beneficial to the entire hospital or clinic, so that no one section is left out of the decision process, so all need are attempted to be met. Educate not only the HIM staff but the hospital or clinic as a whole so that everyone knows where things are kept and how they are stored.

Modus Operandi Essay

Modus Operandi is a term used in a criminal investigation to describe a way in which a defender goes about committing a crime. Usually it defines a pattern of activities driven by the offenders, thought and behavior processes, before, during, and after the crime. It is also used in criminal profiling, where it can assist with obtaining clues regarding an offender’s psychology. It consists of examining the actions used by the offender to execute the crime, prevent its detection and/or facilitate escape. (Vronsky, 2004)A criminal’s MO pertains to facts gathered from a crime scene, giving investigators insight into how, when and where the crime was committed. For example, a criminal may use a particular weapon or focus on certain type of people, time of day, or a particular neighborhood. All which support his modus operandi. The signature is the way in which a criminal leaves his mark on the crime scene. This can include, posing or branding his victim in a certain way or carrying out his crime in a manic obsession such as torture of disfigurement, using props and/or securing souvenirs such as clothing, to relive the crime. An offender’s signature alerts profilers to the emotional and psychological aspects of the offender that are the driving forces of an offender’s crime.(Keppel,1997) Signature behaviors suggest clues regarding a criminal’s past, personality, emotions, mental state and intelligence. Criminal psychological profiling is an investigative tool utilized by experts to examine details of a crime, in the attempt to categorize, understand and predict the behavior of certain type of offenders based on behavioral clues they provide. Criminal psychological profiling is also referred to as â€Å"criminal profiling†, â€Å"criminal profiling† and â€Å"behavioral profiling.†Criminal profiling is a behavioral composite of the unknown, put together after analyzing the crime scene and other important information pertaining to the crime. This can include the autopsy report, autopsy and crime scene photos, as well as initial police reports. Also included in criminal profiling, is a detailed analysis of the victim. (Douglas, et al, 1992) Additional data, such as geographical areas beyond the immediate crime scene, the method of which the offender traveled to and from the crime scene and the relevant aspects of the residential location of the victim are also examined. In addition, the relationship between the perpetrator and the victim is also analyzed. Criminal profiling is not necessarily useful in every case, yet in some cases, it can assist with narrowing down the search for an offender when used in repeated crimes committed by a specific offender, such as serial rape or murder. Knowledge gained from profiling, can aide in the interrogation process of an offender and can assist with identifying and protecting potential victims before the perpetrator gains the opportunity to offend again. Although there are many opponents against utilizing the criminal profiling techniques, the goal of criminal profiling is to deduce enough behavioral, personality and physical characteristics about an offender so that she or he may be apprehended. (Berg, 2008) Several FBI special agents have written books noting their positive experiences with utilizing their skills of a criminal profiler.FBI profiler, Robert Ressler, assisted with popularizing the field of profiling. His book, Whoever Fights Monsters, has often been credited with creating much of the public’s fascination with psychological profiling. Berg, B. L. (2008). Criminal Investigation. New York: Mc Graw – Hill. Douglas, J. E.., Burgess, A.W., Burgess A.G., & Ressler, R.K.(1992).Crime classification manual: A standard system for investigating and classifying violent crimes. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Keppel, R.D., & Birnes, W. J(1997). Signature killers: Interpreting the calling cards of the serial murderer. New York: Pocket Books. Vronsky, R. (2004). Serial Killer. New York: Berkley Publishing Group I felt that way.See when uve had a life filled with trauma,ur normal response is to â€Å"panic†,get excited,go into overdrive,defensive,loud talkn etc.Side note.I realize that alot our ppl in the hood,respond that way all the time.Not understanding their responses, are trauma responses.Normal responses based on what theyve been through.Of course they dont no that, bcuz they are always in survival,†Fight or flight† mode.Two traumatized ppl wont make it bcuz, they trigger each other.Unless, they r content with the â€Å"normalcy of it all.You no,ppl who claw@each other daily?Tear each other down,then make up as if nothin is wrong.That’s trauma to one’s spirit.Ater a while, some is gonna have to pay for that(she/he jst snapped one day).No, it was building.I need a cool calm and collected, who understands that its not personal.That my barr none attitude,is the outcome. Its the normal response baby,from being on my own at 16,DV for many yrs,dispised and unloved by my first teacher.Yea, it has to go somewhere.lol But,I work on me everyday.Truth b told, I wouldnt want to b anybody else.I felt that way.See when uve had a life filled with trauma,ur normal response is to â€Å"panic†,get excited,go into overdrive,defensive,loud talkn etc.Side note.I realize that alot our ppl in the hood,respond that way all the time.Not understanding their responses, are trauma responses.Normal responses based on what theyve been through.Of course they dont no that, bcuz they are always in survival,†Fight or flight† mode. Two traumatized ppl wont make it bcuz, they trigger each other.Unless, they r content with the â€Å"normalcy of it all.You no,ppl who claw@each other daily?Tear each other down,then make up as if nothin is wrong.That’s trauma to one’s spirit.Ater a while, some is gonna have to pay for that(she/he jst snapped one day).No, it was building.I need a cool calm and collected, who understands that its not personal.That my barr none attitude,is the outcome. Its the normal response baby,from being on my own at 16,DV for many yrs,dispised and unloved by my first teacher.Yea, it has to go somewhere.lol But,I work on me everyday.Truth b told, I wouldnt want to b anybody else.