Slavery in Africa Home free essay sample

Since antiquated occasions slaves had been purchased and sold in Africa. At the point when two clans battled against one another, the triumphant clan would make the individuals of the vanquished clan their slaves. Servitude contrasted starting with one piece of Africa then onto the next, yet in many spots slaves were discharged when they had served their lords for a specific number of years, or, more than likely they could purchase their opportunity by great conduct and difficult work. Slaves were allowed to marry.This implied that their youngsters may wed the offspring of their lords or of other neighborhood individuals, thus inside a brief timeframe, there was nothing in their hopes to cause them to appear to be unique in relation to the nearby individuals, thus inside a brief timeframe, there was nothing in their hopes to cause them to appear to be not quite the same as the nearby individuals or to show that their precursors had been slaves. Be that as it may, when the white Europeans got engaged with the slave exchange they transformed it drastically. We will compose a custom paper test on Bondage in Africa Home or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page They needed to take solid captives to chip away at the sugar estates in their new terrains in America and the West Indies.The Europeans couldn't accumulate all the slaves they required just by hijacking Africans from the coast, so they father solid connections with the African boss. The European merchants took merchandise to Africa which were of extraordinary incentive there. These included fine material, metal bars, liquor, weapons and black powder. Consequently, African dealers brought men, ladies and youngsters from inland to the coast, to be given over to the Europeans as slaves. What not many Europeans knew or needed to know was that the Africans had developed numerous surprising realms more than several years.One of the best was the Empire of Shanghai, far inland. In 1525, an Arab guest portrayed the capital city of Timeout: Here are numerous shops of expert and traders. The locale yields corn, steers, milk and spread in extraordinary bounty. Salt is brought he from more than 800 miles away. The lord has a lot of gold and rides upon a camel. His warrior ride upon ponies. Here are extraordinary stores of specialists, judges, clerics and other educated men. Books are brought here which are sold for more cash than different merchandise. Realms, for example, Shanghai lost their capacity in the seventeenth century. In the eighteenth century, different realms, for example, Benign got rich through the slave exchange. The rulers of Benign battled numerous wars against different clans. Their officers won effectively, in light of the fact that the rulers had purchased weapons from white slave perusers. As they took more land, the rulers of Benign energized the slave exchange. Groups of African thieves from inland clans assaulted the towns and captured youngsters and ladies. They offered them to other dark brokers who walked them several miles to the coast.By 1 804, one dealer clarified that the slave exchange: is carried on by a chain of traders from the coast inconclusively in numerous ways towards the inside. A few clans would not participate in assaults on their neighbors however these individuals passed up the riches that originated from the slave exchange and they became frail. In this ay power moved in West Africa as realms did battle against one another. In certain territories the populace fell alarmingly as guardians lost their young, sound children and little girls, and their customary specialties and lifestyles were lost.When white Europeans kicked included they off the triangular slave exchange. Schoolwork Task B Decide whether these announcements are valid or bogus. Explanation True False 1 . Servitude has existed in Africa since old occasions. 2. Africa slaves would never want to turn out to be free. 3. The offspring of slaves could wed individuals who werent slaves, with the goal that they and their kids would appear to be equivalent to others. . At the point when white Europeans got associated with the slave exchange, not much. 5.The Europeans needed captives to work in production lines in England, Spain and Portugal. 6. The Europeans cruised to Africa with products, for example, fine material, metal bars, liquor, firearms and black powder to trade for slaves. 7. African dealers brought men, ladies and kids to the coast, who had been caught further inland. 8. There had never been any significant realms or human progress in this piece of Africa.

Management Case Study Essay Example for Free

The board Case Study Essay The contextual investigation beneath happens at the Sir Charles Wilberforce Hospital’s cafeteria, which is encountering issues with the change the board. Because of the new administration attempted by Keith Davis, there was a significant issue of insufficient correspondence channels, as Keith guided his workers instead of counsel them, particularly with the dynamic. The best choice to correct this issue is for Keith to adjust to a consultative administration style, with the end goal for representatives to take proprietorship in their work environment through communicating their sentiments and feel progressively esteemed, anyway as yet permitting Keith to in any case settle on a ultimate choice. Another significant issue tended to in the Cafeteria was the measure of unmotivated staff. As representatives feel unsatisfied with their work, the best answer for this issue is Goal Setting. Through representatives defining vital objectives they will build their inspiration through accomplishment of these objectives which will lead them to set additionally testing ones. Ultimately, the third significant issue perceived was Keith’s poor authority aptitudes which made it hard for representatives to satisfy desires and discover delight in the working environment. The best elective answer for this issue is to retrain Keith’s administration capacities so he can embrace all the characteristics expected to improve as a pioneer in his overseeing job. Despite the fact that this might be a costly strategy, the new administration characteristics Keith will learn will make a more joyful workplace for his representatives and assemble a superior business/worker relationship. 3. Issue recognizable proof Poor correspondence channels Keith centers around top down correspondence channels, giving a single direction correspondence which is from him to his workers, instead of two-way which furnishes his representatives to discuss thoughts with him. This contrarily impacts the medical clinic as the Keith can't talk about issues or pose inquiries among representatives to check whether there are any issues going on among the laborers and along these lines prompting work disappointment workers. In spite of the fact that Keith attempted to alleviate Julia when the issue among her and Madison was drawn out into the open, he didn't tail it up or treat it as a significance. Absence of staff inspiration Prior to Keith’s overseeing, Anne’s unique establishments of smugness and close family attaches appeared to propel the representatives at Sir Charles Wilberforce medical clinic. Keith’s changes were made to turn out to be progressively effective, representatives were left battling to pick up fulfillment and inspiration with the end goal for themselves to accomplish their chain of importance of requirements (Maslow, 1954). In this chain of command of requirements Maslow created, workers have five needs, physiological, wellbeing, social, regard, and self-actualisation, when they satisfy one of their needs they can graduate to the following one to satisfy it, etc. Without satisfying the social needs of shaping social ties or self-actualisation of increasing enough understanding inside the kitchen to turn into an administrator, it got obscure to the representatives of what they are able to do and diminished their allurements to finish errands and feel fulfilled. Deficient authority capacities Keith needs significant initiative characteristics, as the hierarchical design he utilizes is to instruct workers, denying them of direction and backing. The Hersey Situations administration model proposes that initiative spotlights on follower’s preparation (Hersey, Blanchard Johnson, 2001). This hypothesis recommends that at Sir Charles Wilberforce, if the workers feel they can't finish an assignment Keith should give those unmistakable and explicit directions. In the event that they are willing and certain Keith needs to give them show high undertaking direction, and if workers feel capable however are reluctant Keith would need to utilize a strong methodology. Absence of cooperation The collaboration condition of designating undertakings among of workers was not tended to by Keith. He accepted that representatives expected to complete work on schedule, plan menus month to month and take on cleaning obligations, though, the utilization of collaboration would have given a more qualified time oversaw framework. Through having every worker help with cleaning obligations, arranging menus, assisting another if time was short just as helping each other to get all food out and made the kitchen would be less confused. This would have helped with issues on the off chance that somebody was sick, permitting more than one individual to get ready more noteworthy bits of suppers. 4. Explanation of Major Problems The three significant issues that are brought to the consideration at Sir Charles Wilberforce Hospital are: Inadequate correspondence channels Unmotivated staff Lacking administration capacities The poor correspondence channel Keith uses is top-down correspondence from Keith to his workers. As this is a work environment that relies upon looking for thoughts from others and backing from one another, two path interchanges among Keith and his representatives is fundamental. This will permit representatives to feel some portion of the dynamic and feel they can share their plans to improve the work environment. Following this Keith should then improve his administration aptitudes, putting his representatives first and helping them with any assistance and bolster they need so as to accomplish a positive working environment. This may include Keith updating the organisation’s culture, or recognizing the quality and shortcoming of every representative so he realizes how to help every one of them. Once Keith’s initiative capacities are improved, staff inspiration must be distinguished and given, with the end goal for representatives to get profitable inside the kitchen and addition work fulfillment, expanding their capacities and permitting them to feel the need to work. 5. Age and Evaluation of Alternative Solutions Inadequate correspondence channels Regular work gatherings Set ordinary gatherings inside the kitchen, so as to worries among workers to be talked about as we as assessment on how the business is going and straightforwardly examine approaches to improve or look after it. Points of interest Allows for input Employees can tune in to each person’s thought and empowers conversation straightforwardly Evaluate the income to the earlier week and that time the earlier year, permitting every individual to propose approaches to improve or keep up their net revenues. Detriments Some workers may not join in May be tedious to talk about all thoughts Consultative administration style Implement a Consultative administration style so as to expand two-way and open correspondence among Keith and the workers. Points of interest Allows representatives to feel proprietorship in dynamic Allows workers to impart their thoughts and insights Gives certainty to workers Disadvantages Employees may feel kept down to communicate their conclusions since they don't feel great Employees may feel outraged if their thoughts are not contemplated Time expending Unmotivated staff Goal defining Implement defining objectives, which include workers defining objectives that persuade them to improve their abilities. Focal points Gives smugness Increases efficiency and execution levels Disadvantages Time expending to recognize proper and reachable objectives Goals ay show up as out of reach and lead to workers to surrender Job structure Mr Dev can change the activity configuration to help with distinguishing and revising any insufficiencies that influence execution and inspiration. Focal points Occupation amplification, can be utilized to build inspiration by giving representatives more and shifted assignments so the worker is inspiration to attempt new errands Job revolution permits a worker to work in various offices or employments in an association to increase better understanding into tasks rousing the worker to expand his/her abilities and information about different occupations. Hindrances Job enhancement may lead the representative moved an excess of obligation in the kitchen and autonomy in the arranging and control parts of the activity which may smother inspiration levels Reward and Recognition Assessing every worker to recognize which individuals are performing to their greatest, and remunerating them monetarily or non-monetarily for their difficult work, subsequently propelling different representatives to improve their work gauges. Favorable circumstances Employees will build execution to acquire more rewards Will create better expectations among the representatives Self-improvement Disadvantages Expensive to continue buying rewards and reevaluate every worker to perceive After some time workers may feel that prizes may not propel them any longer Keith might not have any desire to embrace fulfilling and perceiving workers Inadequate administration capacities Retrain Keith Retraining programs for Keith inside the organization or remotely will permit Keith to grow better initiative characteristics and make a more joyful work environment. Focal points Positively impacts workers to feel trust and backing from Keith can assess themselves regarding what aptitudes are required to lead the representatives Disadvantages May take some time for Keith to learn and adjust to these abilities May be costly Dismiss Keith Dismissing Keith will destroy the issue of poor authority capacities and will permit the business to supplant him with an increasingly experienced supervisor. Favorable circumstances Re-choose another supervisor who have all right initiative aptitudes Employees are in a more joyful condition where they can get the help they need More time proper and productive than retraining Disadvantages May be elusive a substitution Employees may think that its difficult to adjust to another administrator and might be impervious to give them a possibility because of their awful involvement in Keith 6. Proposal Consultative administration style A Consultative administration style is the prescribed option for Keith to deliver to his workers. The sort of the executives style utilized by Keith now is despotic, which includes him settling on choices for the clinic kitchen singularly. Albeit standard gatherings are a decent option by giving intercession and collaborator tow

The Rapids

The Rapids Today was my last day at work, which was very sad. Well, lets go with bittersweet. Trust me when I say that I deal with all kinds of insanity at that place on a daily basis. (Im a lifeguard at a waterpark, for those of you just tuning in.) You think you deal with rude customers at Old Navy? Psh. I have to argue with parents to put lifejackets on their kids, and youd be surprised how often the argument, It could save his/her life doesnt work. Of course, if you have the right amount of perspective in life (i.e. a lot) you can make it through the day and in fact an entire summer by finding all of this very, very amusing. Plus I work with some awesome people and my job can be a lot of fun. Very entertaining and whatnot. So leaving was bittersweet. To commemorate the day, I thought Id share with you some pictures of the waterpark I work at. I mean, I know youve all been picturing it in your heads all summer and are just dying to know what the place actually looks like. Right. So here it is, Runaway Rapids Waterpark: This is the kiddie section. Its full of about 3 million different things that spray water around in a myriad of different ways. Its kind of a fun place, unless you happen to be under the bucket when it drops. That thing is brutal. Oh, its also not too much fun if youre a lifeguard. Because then all you do is stand there and repeat the phrase Dont run about three bajillion times. And thats not really the glamorous part of the job, you know? The ten foot pool. Where I get to be awesome and actually save lives. For real. I know, I know, youre thinking, But, why would you have to save anyones life? I mean, why would anyone who doesnt know how to swim jump into a pool ten feet deep??? Thats an excellent question, and I wish I knew the answer. The affectionately nick-named triples. Some people have trouble with this, but watch as I make it all make sense: there are three slides. Triples. Ta-da. Anyway, triples is where all the action is. There may only be three and a half feet of water in that pool, but all kinds of chaos unfolds there nonetheless. Today, for example, in one hour alone I had to handle one accident on the slide and jump in to save two different kids. So thats my job. Or rather, my former job. I have the weekend to hang out with friends and family, then a three day vacation in Atlantic City (most of which I intend to spend on the beach), followed by two days to shop and pack, a trip to Shea Stadium for my first Met game all season (!!!), and then its back to MIT a week from tomorrow. Whos excited?

The Effects of Patterns and Anomalies on the Gaining of...

Through the pursuit of a greater understanding of the known universe, our forefathers encountered patterns and anomalies which, through their extensive study, they were able to further their understanding of the universe which so intrigued them. Patterns are a reliable sample of traits, tendencies, or other observable characteristics of a person, group or institution. They are a combination of qualities, acts or tendencies that form a consistent or characteristic arrangement. Their counterparts, Anomalies are irregularities. They are a deviation from the common rule, type, arrangement or form. In other words, they are deviations from what is considered to be the norm, socially or scientifically. Patterns and anomalies have occurred within several instances in history. Dating back to the study of the heliocentric (the earth is round) nature of our planet by the famous Italian mathematician, physicist, philosopher and astronomer Galileo, man has always had a deep interest in the pursui t of knowledge to further our understanding of the natural world. And even as far back as the 17th century, patterns and anomalies had begun to arise and would later shape the way knowledge is gathered. Within Theory of Knowledge, patterns and anomalies have also occurred in the pursuit of knowledge. But first, what is this enigma we know to be knowledge. Knowledge can be said to be the fact or state of knowing; the perception of fact or truth; clear and certain mental apprehension. It is theShow MoreRelatedKnowledge Management and Decision Support System6463 Words   |  26 PagesDecision Support Systems 31 Ã… ½2001. 127–137 www.elsevier.comrlocaterdsw Knowledge management and data mining for marketing Michael J. 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Evolution Of Evolution And Natural Selection - 967 Words

Evolution and Revolution What do a sponge and bird have in common? Believe it or not, they share a common origin. In the film, Darwin s Tree of Life, the narrator, David Attenborough, presents the audience with the theory of evolution as documented by Charles Darwin in the 1800 s. The video is based on Darwin s perspective of evolution and natural selection. Darwin s findings were revolutionary and caused out-rage among the religious who believed in the story of creation beginning with Adam and Eve. In the video, Darwin s Tree of Life, Darwin s theory of evolution and natural selection proved the tree of life explains our evolution from a molecule to mammal. Charles Darwin devoted his adult life to trying to understand the process of evolution. At 22 years of age, he sailed off to South America to study various species of plants and animals. Darwin spent many years researching and documenting what he believed was a logical and scientific explanation of our existence. He felt strongly that life started in t he simplest form and then later became more complex with each species over generations. Darwin was a radical of sorts. In the article, Darwin, published by the American Museum of Natural History (2005-2006), he was referred to as a revolutionary, and even though he was hesitant to do so because he knew it would cause outrage; he changed our view of the natural world (para. 3). In the video, Attenborough portrays Charles Darwin as a exceptionally inquisitiveShow MoreRelatedEvolution Of Natural Selection Evolution1005 Words   |  5 PagesNatural Selection-Evolution Natural selection is the evolutionary process through which factors in the environment exert pressure, favoring some individuals over others to produce the next generation. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) formulated this theory that has stood the test of time. Natural selection is important to anthropology for understanding how species change. 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Transparency of Business and Proposed Management Practices Free Essays

Firms and the managers within them are always looking for the next source of competitive advantage, while at the same time combating the current internal inefficiencies, conflicts and performance issues. With one foot in the present to address the issues of the day, in the planning and preparation for a successful future is a constant dilemma now facing the manager.Historically, higher transparency of an ethic of practice for the third partAnalysis of the financial situation and practices of an institution, however, the largest study of business ethics and organizational behavior, to demonstrate transparency as a management practice that both the everyday problems of management are dealt with, and even an internal source of a sustainable competitive advantage is difficult for competitors to imitate. We will write a custom essay sample on Transparency of Business and Proposed Management Practices or any similar topic only for you Order Now This article will examine the concept of transparency of business and proposed management practices in the areas ofThe development and implementation of strategy, decision making and performance management to ensure transparency, to improve performance. and a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Transparency Transparency is used as a confidence-building mechanism in general, to â€Å"open† books or practice of an organization concerned with a â€Å"right to know that. Much has been written about the transparency in public enterprises and governments, but also with the importance of trust in all businessTransactions and relationships is very little about how to use this mechanism for building trust, which will be published to improve organizational performance at the operational level. If true, the employees know how and why behind the organizational strategy, decision making and performance management, usually feel more confident in managing their organization and may be more involved and engaged in their work.Although the fear of strategic information from falling into the hands of competitorsinternal sources may limit the potential for complete transparency, strategic and operational coordination of internal information can build confidence in the system and a knowledge of how each player contributes and is influenced by the system. The structure and the need for transparency and exchange of information at a strategic level, decision making and performance management is an environment that is in the goals and the tools and practices with which to that end, be moreCooperation and performance.Transparency in strategy Drawing on resources based on the view of the strategy (see Barney 1991) and the concept of strategic management (see Ireland and Hitt, 2001), managers can build a competitive advantage and do a better job of choosing between alternatives competition, and the alignment of internal resources than their competitors. A high level of these breaks to communicate openly and to align organizational priorities, area visibility functionContributions to these priorities for those who need to know, and a visible link between the work of each employee and organizational priorities for action.This is not only affecting an executive, but to all officers and employees is critical to the success of this strategy, which can be achieved only on the level of functional or team, in the absence of organizational support. However, if all managers and employees including the organization’s priorities andFor information on how they will contribute to them, and these contributions directly in line with the contributions on labor income, can get the teamwork and performance.Transparency in strategy can always be achieved, but the best place to start is during the annual cycle of planning and budgeting, especially executives and managers are the goals that are the model for quarterly bonuses into account. Too often this critical time is a rush of activity, butalmost no exchange of information and coordination from above or below functional area manager. The cable worst case of a wide range of independent or conflicting objectives, which reflect the stated priorities of the organization or implied.Best case would be managers who have the major priorities and performance objectives of the team, and therefore the contributions of each functional area to negotiate on these results. Critical to the succ ess of these negotiations is the sole ownerTargets and firm commitments from all managers on the factors of production that provide the other as a result. A common example of this would be an organizational priority revenue up 20%, a sales target of 1,000 units per month, and to undertake measures the transformation of the number of sales of a number of standard files per month. The same procedure applies to projects that do not follow-basic operations, and these obligations are the basis for bonus objectives andBudgets. Information is the operations of strategic planning throughout the organization to those who need to know, â€Å"divided,† and is the core responsibility of the agenda for the regular (weekly monthly) /, group meetings and staff and an important measure for the evaluation of alternatives in decision-making .. How to cite Transparency of Business and Proposed Management Practices, Papers

Tamed Shrews And Twelfth Nights The Role Of Women In Shakespeare Essa

Tamed Shrews and Twelfth Nights: The Role of Women In Shakespeare Tamed Shrews and Twelfth Nights: The Role of Women In Shakespeare It is curious to note the role of women in Shakespearean literature. Many critics have lambasted the female characters in his plays as two-dimensional and unrealistic portrayals of subservient women. Others have asserted that the roles of women in his plays were prominent for the time and culture that he lived in. That such contrasting views could be held in regards to the same topic is academic. It is only with close examination of his works that we are able to suppose his intent in creating characters that inspire so much controversy. Two works, Taming of the Shrew, and Twelfth Night, stand out particularly well in regards to Shakespeare's use of female characters. After examining these two plays, one will see that Shakespeare, though conforming to contemporary attitudes of women, circumvented them by creating resolute female characters with a strong sense of self. The Taming of the Shrew is one of Shakespeare's most famous plays, and has weathered well into our modern era with adaptations into popular television series such as Moonlighting. For all the praises it has garnered throughout the centuries, it is curious to note that many have considered it to be one of his most controversial in his treatment of women. The "taming" of Katherine has been contended as being excessively cruel by many writers and critics of the modern era. George Bernard Shaw himself pressed for its banning during the 19th century (Peralta). The subservience of Katherine has been labeled as barbaric, antiquated, and generally demeaning. The play centers on her and her lack of suitors. It establishes in the first act her shrewish demeanor and its repercussions on her family. It is only with the introduction of the witty Petruchio as her suitor, that one begins to see an evolution in her character. Through an elaborate charade of humiliating behavior, Petruchio humbles her and by the end of the play, she will instruct other women on the nature of being a good and dutiful wife. In direct contrast to Shrew, is Twelfth Night, whose main female protagonist is by far the strongest character in the play. The main character Viola, has been stranded in a foreign land and adopts the identity of her brother so that she might live independently without a husband or guardian. She serves as a courtier to a young, lovesick nobleman named Orsino. Throughout the play she plays as a go-between for him to the woman he loves. In the course of her service, she falls in love with him. Only at the end, does she renounce her male identity and declares her love for him. Both plays portray female characters unwilling to accept the female role of passivity. Katherine rebels against this stereotype by becoming a "shrew", a violently tempered and belligerent woman. Viola disguises herself as a man for most of the play in order to preserve her state of free will. Katherine endures reprimands, chiding, and humiliation in the course of her chosen rebellion. Viola enjoys life and position as a man, and does not reveal who she is until the last scene of the play. Curiously enough, both women voluntarily accept the roles that society would impose on them again at the close of the plays. It is important to note though, that they freely resume these roles, and that they do so out of their own sense of self. For each woman, it is a personal choice based on their desires. In the case of Katherine, she realizes that propriety is as much a signature of self-respect as respect for others, and she has a husband whom she need prove nothing to because he already respects her. In the case of Viola, she is in love with the young Orsino. Having found the man she would be willing to wed, the pretense of her male identity is no longer necessary, as she desires to be his wife. Having seen the similarities between Viola and Katherine, one should take notice that they do have different circumstances regarding their behavior. The reason for Katherine's shrewish demeanor is never given in the play, though many directors have interpreted it as an act to discourage suitors, much like Hamlet's feigned madness. Others have attributed it to sibling rivalry between Katherine and her sister Bianca. In any case, no clear rationale is given to the audience as to the reason for Katherine's behavior. It is enough to say that the actions of her father and sister

The Salience of Moral Character essay

The Salience of Moral Character essay The Salience of Moral Character essay The Salience of Moral Character essayI have found that the article â€Å"The Salience of Moral Character† by Jon Garthoff is informative and interesting to read and analyze. I agree with many ideas presented by the author in the article. In the article â€Å"The Salience of Moral Character†, Jon Garthoff discusses the nature and role of two notions – moral obligation and first personal moral judgment, which refer to morality. I really appreciate the author’s work, his style of writing and language, the structure of the article, and other aspects of his work, which contribute to revealing the significance of the issue discussed by Jon Gathoff. Morality has always been recognized as an important issue to study because moral ideals lie in the basis of human nature. The author of the article suggests that moral rights are understood as â€Å"corresponding to rules of moral salience which occasion explicit judgment whenever a morally competent person in a stat e of nature considers killing someone, invading his person, or taking his things† (Gathoff 20). The major goal of the author is to prove the fact that the rules of moral salience play an important role in human life, as these rules ensure the appropriate action-guidance that is accomplished not by natural moral rules, but by some different type of rights that are suitable for a particular social environment or context.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I agree with Jon Gathoff that the following notions are crucial in understanding morality and moral cognition: â€Å"moral rules†, â€Å"rules of moral salience†, â€Å"maxims of action†, â€Å"moral worth†, â€Å"moral character†, â€Å"conflicting rules† and â€Å"social rules†. The author’s statement â€Å"The Ten Commandments and other prescriptions drawn from canonized religious texts are treated by many as paradigms of moral content, and guiding oneself by this sort of prescription is treated by many as a paradigm of moral judgment† is true (Garthoff 1). People highly value the Bible and try to use its principles to live honestly. I believe that an individual code of conduct depends on both religious and social rules. Moral thinking helps people to act in a proper way, without committing crimes or demonstrating aggression.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Besides, I agree with the author of the article in his evaluation of moral theory. He writes, â€Å"Since rules are commonplace in ordinary moral thinking, a moral theory must illuminate the proper place of rules in moral thought† (Garthoff 1). I believe that morality is based on the established moral rules and principles that should be formulated and observed by all members of our society.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, the author provides much evidence to support his arguments. He uses the writings of the outstanding philosophers, R oss and Kant, whose philosophic thought helps to explain the wrongness of making false promises; committing immoral actions, etc. Moral rules should be produced to direct all domains of human life. Kant’s moral theory has nothing common with Barbara Herman’s rules of moral salience, which allow human beings to be focused on occasion deliberation. I believe that the author’s flow of thought is clear and comprehensive. He gives explanation to some atypical situations, which require atypical decisions. In this case, â€Å"routine action may be inappropriate† (Garthoff 4).In conclusion, I can say that I enjoyed reading this article because it allowed me to ponder over some significant issues our society face today.   The article also allowed me to provide critical reflection upon some important points of the research on morality. Jon Gathoff presented many comprehensive points that could help students to be focused on future research more profoundly.

Abortion Issues - How They Affect American Politics

Abortion Issues - How They Affect American Politics Abortion issues surface in almost every American election, whether its a local race for school board, a statewide race for governor or a federal contest for Congress or the White House. Abortion issues have polarized American society since the U.S. Supreme Court legalized the procedure. On one side are those who believe women are not entitled to end the life of an unborn child. On the other are those who believe women have the right to decide what happens to their body. Often there is no room for debate between the side. Related Story: Is Abortion the Right Thing to Do? In general, most Democrats support a womans right to have an abortion and most Republicans oppose it. There are notable exceptions, though, including some politicians who have waffled on the issue. Some Democrats who are conservative when it comes to social issues such oppose abortion rights, and some moderate Republicans are open to allowing women to have the procedure. A 2016 Pew Research Survey  found that 59 percent of Republicans believe abortion should be illegal, and 70 percent of Democrats believe the procure should be allowed. Overall, though, a narrow majority of Americans - 56 percent in the Pew poll  -   support legalized abortion and 41 percent oppose it.  In both cases, these figures have remained relatively stable for at least two decades, the Pew Researchers found. When Abortion Is Legal In the United States Abortion refers to the voluntary termination of a pregnancy, resulting in the death of the fetus or embryo. Abortions performed prior to the third trimester are legal in the United States.Abortion-rights advocates believe a woman should have access to whatever health care she needs and that she should have control over her own body. Opponents of abortion rights believe an embryo or fetus is alive and thus abortion is tantamount to murder.   Current Status The most controversial of abortion issues is the so-called partial birth abortion, a rare procedure. Beginning in the mid-90s, Republicans in the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate introduced legislation to ban partial birth abortions. In late 2003, Congress passed and President George W. Bush signed the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act.This law was drafted after the Supreme Court ruled Nebraskas partial birth abortion law unconstitutional because it did not allow a doctor to use the procedure even if it were the best method to preserve the health of the mother. Congress attempted to circumvent this ruling by declaring that the procedure is never medically necessary. History Abortion has existed in almost every society and was legal under Roman law, which also condoned infanticide. Today, almost two-thirds of the women in the world may obtain a legal abortion.When America was founded, abortion was legal. Laws prohibiting abortion were introduced in the mid-1800s, and, by 1900, most had been outlawed. Outlawing abortion did nothing to prevent pregnancy, and some estimates put the number of annual illegal abortions from 200,000 to 1.2 million in the 1950s and 1960s.States began liberalizing abortion laws in the 1960s, reflecting changed societal mores and, perhaps, the number of illegal abortions.  In 1965, the Supreme Court introduced the idea of a right to privacy in Griswold v. Connecticut as it struck down laws that banned the sale of condoms to married people.Abortion was legalized in 1973 when the U.S.Supreme Court ruled in Roe v. Wade that during the first trimester, a woman has the right to decide what happens to her body. This landmark decision rested on the right to privacy which was introduced in 1965. In addition, the Court ruled that the state could intervene in the second trimester and could ban abortions in the third trimester. However, a central issue, which the Court declined to address, is whether human life begins at conception, at birth, or at some point in between.In 1992, in Planned Parenthood v. Casey, the court overturned Roes trimester approach and introduced the concept of viability. Today, approximately 90% of all abortions occur in the first 12 weeks.In the 1980s and 1990s, anti-abortion activism spurred on by opposition from Roman Catholics and conservative Christian groups turned from legal challenges to the streets. The organization Operation Rescue organized blockades and protests around abortion clinics. Many of these techniques were prohibited by the 1994 Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances (FACE) Act. Pros Most polls suggest that Americans, by a slim majority, call themselves pro-choice rather than pro-life. That does not mean, however, that everyone who is pro-choice believes that abortion is acceptable under any circumstance. A majority support at least minor restrictions, which the Court found reasonable as well under Roe.Thus the pro-choice faction contains a range of beliefs from no restrictions (the classic position) to restrictions for minors (parental consent) ... from support when a womans life is endangered or when the pregnancy is the result of rape to opposition just because a woman is poor or unmarried.Principle organizations include the Center for Reproductive Rights, The National Organization for Women (NOW), National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL), Planned Parenthood, and the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice. Cons The pro-life movement is thought of as more black-and-white in its range of opinions than the pro-choice faction. Those who support life are more concerned with the embryo or fetus and believe that abortion is murder. Gallup polls starting in 1975 consistently show that only a minority of Americans (12-19 percent) believe that all abortions should be banned.Nevertheless, pro-life groups have taken a strategic approach to their mission, lobbying for mandated waiting periods, prohibitions on public funding and denial of public facilities.In addition, some sociologists suggest that abortion has become a symbol of the changing status of women in society and of changing sexual mores. In this context, pro-life supporters may reflect a backlash against the womens movement.Principle organizations include the Catholic Church, Concerned Women for America, Focus on the Family, and National Right to Life Committee. Where It Stands President George W. Bush supported and signed the constitutionally questionable partial-birth abortion ban and, as Governor of Texas, vowed to put an end to abortion. Immediately after taking office, Bush eliminated U.S. funding to any international family planning organization that provided abortion counseling or services even if they did so with private funds.There was no easily-accessed issue statement about abortion on the 2004 candidate web site. However, in an editorial entitled The War Against Women the New York Times wrote: The lengthening string of anti-choice executive orders, regulations, legal briefs, legislative maneuvers, and key appointments emanating from his administration suggests that undermining the reproductive freedom essential to womens health, privacy and equality is a major preoccupation of his administration - second only, perhaps, to the war on terrorism.

Business Policy & Strategy Portfolio Project Essay

Business Policy & Strategy Portfolio Project - Essay Example The business will provide these students with door to door collection and distribution of the torn cloths and cloths that require laundry services. The Laundry and cloth repair business will solve problems such as saving University Students time, saving the Environment from degradation, and boosting Food Security among other others. The business is also sustainable in that it boosts food security, conserve our environment, as well as solving some of the Problems University Students face among others. In to prove the feasibility of the business, market research, and SWOT and Value chain analyses were carried out. The SWOT analysis was carried out in order to identify the expected Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats that the business may face. The Laundry and cloth repair business Idea In today’s economy, people are normally busy (they always work, they always learn, committed in entertainment, and in schools and among others) such that they do not get time to do ce rtain basic things of their lives such as laundry services and repair of their torn cloths. ... However, not all of them offer door to services to these busy students. Therefore, students had to waste their precious time taking their cloth for laundry services or to be repaired in case they are torn (U S Bureau of the Census, 2002). Some students may also love some of their cloths such that they may not wish to dispose them off in case they get torn. Therefore, my business will be engaged in providing laundry and cloth repair services for University students in the United States of America. The business will provide these students with door to door collection and distribution of the torn cloths and cloths that require laundry services. Rationale for the Business Idea Entrepreneurs by nature are individuals who solve problems, as wells as opportunity oriented; these are just a few of the many characteristics of entrepreneurs (Hunter, 2000). Therefore, as an entrepreneur I thought it wise to come up with the business idea so as to be part of those who solve problems that normally face our society today. My business, therefore, aims at solving several problems which face our society today. Problems Laundry and cloth repair business will solve Saving University Students time The target customers (target group) for the business are University Students across the United States of America. Just as earlier mentioned, these students are so committed to their studies, research and entertainment activities such that they have very little amount of time to concentrate on the basic aspects of their lives; they hardly get time to do their laundry services or even repair services for their torn cloths. The business also intends to further offer free collection and distribution services to these

Business Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business Organisations - Essay Example This leadership is not about taking turns running the meeting. It is rather about promoting a better way of doing things or a new product." Many studies have shown that good leaders tend to have certain qualities such as: they have technical and specific skill of some task, have a clear sense of purpose, they are optimistic, work well with others, and believe that they can make a difference, can nurture the people around them i.e. delegate tasks, aware of the environment and themselves, are empathetic, direct all actions towards the goals and the mission and are role models for others. There are many theories on which leadership style should be adopted, but each leadership style or approach used depends on the culture of the organisation and the task at hand. As all things, these approaches have their advantages and disadvantages, and in some situations it is better to use a particular type of approach over another. Leadership has been broadly categorized into classical approaches, behavioural approaches, trait approaches, transformational approaches and contingency approaches. Each approach has many theories within it. The classical approach contains the autocratic style, bureaucratic style, democratic style and the Laissez-faire. The autocratic style is the one in which the leader or manager retains control and power of decision making. Studies have shown that an autocratic leadership style leads to high absenteeism and labour turnover. There is low employee morale and the employees become dependent on the manager for decision making. Bureaucratic is when the manager goes by the book, follows procedure and policy, and if something is not in the book than he refers to his senior. This type of leadership style can be used when the job is routine, or when working with dangerous equipment and hazardous chemicals. It should not be used when employees start to lose interest in their job and do only what is expected of them and no more. A democratic style encourages participation, sharing of information and problem solving responsibilities. It is a way of coaching the employees to reach their full potential, although the final say lies with the coach. It is appropriate to use this style when the employee is skilled and the leader wants to provide the employees with opportunities, encourage team work, the task is very complex and requires input form all employees or when an organisational change needs to be made. It is not effective when there is a lack of time, it costs more to get everybody's input, the business in not in a condition to make mistakes, employee safety is vital and the manager feels insecure about delegating. Laissez-faire style is a do it yourself style. The leader provides no guidance. This is effective when the employees are highly skilled and know what they are doing. They are trustworthy and have experience in the field, and are experts. An example of this can be engineers and scientists working in the research and development department. They know what they want and how they want the end result to look like. It should not be used when the manager himself is unclear about his responsibilities and wants the employees to do his work, when the manager can not provide feedback; managers are unable to thank their employees and when the employees need the presence of the manager to guide them. Each of these

Cultural Norms Determine Emotions Sociology Essay

Cultural Norms Determine Emotions Sociology Essay Culture has been recognized by sociologists and anthropologists to carry a particular display roles or norms. These affect the supervision of emotions and establish commonality and predictable behaviour among individuals and their social environment in response to various emotional stimulations. Therefore, it is of primary importance to address the issue how and why cultural norms can determine the emotional status of people. Levy (1984) defines culture as an internalized system of controlling people in order to construct adaptive, integrated and sane attitude. Culture influences individuals in a multi-level perspective and shapes human beliefs, emotions and behaviour through various traditions, ethnic belonging and national identification. In this paper I will attempt to illustrate how cultural norms have a profound effect on peoples emotions and demonstrate a clear understanding of the interaction between emotional state of mind and the culture and where they are positioned in soci ety. We witness culture since we were born. We are learning about culture mainly through socialization. Caruso and Salovey (2004) examine culture on a macro lever, meaning how culture influence emotional expressions in different nations and ethnic groups. They conclude that cultural beliefs, symbols and emotional patters are shared by a complex system of processes called socialization. These are the key points and issues to be discussed in this essay which aims to illustrate the dramaturgical and structural perspectives on the sociology of emotions by contrasting them. On another level culture also provides shared symbols such as norms, language, traditions, customs and frame in this way the value, feelings and behaviour of its members. On a group level culture influences emotional process through the performance roles individuals have in society (Levy, 1984). In order for sociologists and anthropologists to comprehend and explain the emotional processes they have to study cultures from t he point of view of cognitive social psychology (Druskat and Wolff, 1999). Lazarus (1991) proposes that there are two phases of the emotional process. The first one involved awareness of the events and the second one represents the behavioural response to the emotions stimulated. Culture and social structure are interrelated. Both reproduce order and alter emotions during the course of interacting with other individuals. Lewis (2000) claims that there are at least five theoretical research traditions in the sociology of emotions which are related to the significant aspects of sociological analysis. Lewis (2000) enumerates the models as dramaturgical (Culture), structural (social structure), symbolic-interactionist (cognitive appraisal) and ritual and exchange (interaction) perspectives on emotions. I will concentrate on dramaturgical and structural ones. Dramaturgical approaches to the sociology of emotions focus on the importance of culture in supplying ideologies for emotions, feeling rules, knowledge and vocabularies. This structure is provided by Gordon (1981). According to him the elements of culture act as cognitive guidelines to what emotions might be experienced and conveyed in situations. An example of dramaturgical perspective on emotional sociology is made by Schmitt and Clark (2006). Their studies conclude how emotions are culturally decoded so as to when to feel and how to give raise to feelings. During the process of socialization individuals learn how to associate certain emotion vocabularies with particular situations and internal sensations. What makes the approach dramaturgical is that individuals are screened as performing on a stage, constructed by social structure (audience). Each person employs different cultural scripts in order to perform his role. In this sense people are dramatic actors, because they utilize their emotions to manipulate others through expressive control of their behaviour on the stage. People take advantage of the knowledge they store for the appropriate feelings and their displays and follow strategies to reach their goal. Through various manipulations of postures, language, role play, or talk individuals consciously apply dramatic emotional displays to gain recognition, favour, control or social status (Schmitt and Clark, 2006). Recent research in dramaturgy reveals that there are cases when social structure demands from individuals to express emotions that they do not feel. Hochsehilds (1983) research on flight attendants and bill controllers is an example and clear illustration how dramaturg y can be inseparable from emotions in a cultural and social context. The emphasis on culture in dramaturgical perspective aids us in understanding how emotional responses are learned and applied in situations. Another example of cultural displays and emotional management is given by Pierce (1995). Her research highlights that emotions can be gendered and this is so, because of the different social positions men and women occupy and the social roles they are expected to perform. She gives an example of male and female lawyers. Lawyers who are male are supposed to be aggressive, whereas, women are generally considered paralegals and are expected to be more nurturing. Dramaturgical perspectives of sociology of emotions involve emotions associated with already rehearsed social roles and conscious emotional manipulation. All sociological perspectives studying emotions involve social structure as part of the analyses. However, it is not only an analysis of the social structure, but also how relevant is the relationship between emotions and social structures. Theories and researches in the sociology of emotions often emphasize on a relatively small specter of social-structural properties. According to Lewis (2000) the most prominent theories in this direction, investigate micro-level power (authority) and status or prestige dissimilarities among individuals and emotions during the course of interaction, including stratifications, institutional spheres and macro-level processes. Berger and Webster (2006) create set of approaches that follow the micro-level order in interactions. They reveal that there are differences in relative power and in status among individuals. Berger and Webster conclude that the dissimilarities are forced by the existing social structures. In other cases they emerge in the cours e of the very interaction. Furthermore, the differences can be encoded in cultural beliefs for the people that stay high or low in the social ladder. Here too, like in the dramaturgical perspective, emotions generate expectations. Therefore, there is a similar characteristic in the two approaches. In dramaturgical as well as in the structural the differences in emotional stimulations are likely to occur in ethnicity, age, social class, or gender. Berger and Webster (2006) state that when individuals react in accordance with the expectations what depicts them as belonging to a certain hierarchy, they display and experience positive emotions such as pride, happiness. In contrast, those who were in low-ranking status, are predisposed to experience negative emotions, for example anger or fear. Individuals perceive that their low rank in their own fault and blame themselves, and that is the reason why they are affected by negative emotions and dissatisfaction. All these are consequences of structural arrangements which work quite unfairly. Social structure, therefore determines to a large degree the level of emotions and their polarity. Kemper (1978) comments that when individuals gain power their positive attitude and self-presentation grows accordingly. For Barbalet (1998) emotions are distributes unevenly and differently across segments of society, usually corresponding to each of the socio-economic status segments. People react emotionally in regards to their social standing and what advantages this brings them particular shares of money, power, or prestige something what they can not obtain in a lower social belonging. Fear is one of the emotions that Barbalet (1998) theorizes to differentiate between social ranking. Fear is generated from the lack of power. Usually individuals attribute this to their shortcomings. In his analysis Barbalet (1998) preliminary speculates that emotions are like most resources and consequently are distr ibutes unequally. Particular kinds of emotions emerge among some subpopulations and have rather predictable conditions. However, sociological theory will have to elaborate on the conditions determining those emotions and define the potential effects that they have on collective actions in society (Lewis, 2002). Lewis (2000) says that most of the structural theories on emotions are oriented to the micro-level, meaning that they examine situations and processes and face to face and daily interactions such are power or social status. But, micro-level course of actions happen within the context of macrostructural operations. In the structural theory of emotions in order for them to emerge, there needs to be interconnections between the micro and macro level of the structure. These differentiations were no present in the dramaturgical perspective. For the structural theory of emotions a whole category of individuals regardless of their gender, class belonging, race or cultural values, can experience very similar emotions, because they are placed in the same stratification system (Lewis, 2000). They are structurally identical, thereby, they are likely to have the same experiences, which creates similar emotional reactions. Cultural concepts determine in greater degree the emotional quality and the versatile emotions that people experience. While discussing various approaches, special attention was paid to dramaturgical and structural perspectives of the sociology of emotions. Examples were given illustrating the two methods and seeing that even though they differ they are similarities namely that emotions are the result of culturally translated elements. Integrated into the cognition processes, emotions are cultural just like traditions and values. We need to posses some cultural knowledge in order to recognize certain emotions. Evaluating emotions requires a comprehensive framework about different concepts of culture and cultural norms. Emotions are socially constructed just like cultural norms and we can say that emotional are also collectively directed because they transfer the inward relation of the individual with the surrounding social structures. Both approaches, the dramaturgical and the structural are based on the social organization of human behaviour and how it is controlled through the means of psychology. Cultural norms determine emotions, because they are socially organized activities, they are psychological phenomena and they involve human behaviour.

Importance of Ignatius of Loyola Essay

In the year 1491, the future founder of the Jesuits was born in northern Spain. He would soon be known as Saint Ignatius of Loyola. By the time that he was fifteen he was already interested in to religion. When he got older he became a soldier. He would end up crushing his leg in battle by a cannon ball in the battle of Pamplona. Ignatius would soon go to college to be a teacher. And he achieved that goal. He would soon invent the Jesuits who were priests that would teach and go on missionaries. Ignatius’s goals were to become a strong church and to bring people back to Catholicism. He would soon accomplish it. Ignatius in order to become a strong again, you must have education to do that. That is when his spiritual exercises came into affect. He would teach the priests and the priests would teach the students. He would also create a constitution, so that everyone would stay good. And in 1556 he would be laid to rest. Ignatius of Loyola was important because, he founded the Jesuits, that would soon put their focus on education and missionary work. Ignatius founded the Society of Jesus in 1540; these members would soon be known as the Jesuits. The Jesuits were a group of priests that believed education was key to being successful. Ignatius was so high on education that every Jesuit had to be trained to be a scholar and clerics in case someday they would take over the Catholic Church (Simon 105). Ignatius wanted the Jesuits so well educated that he started his own school for the Seminarians since there were no Universities with high enough academic standards (Simon 105). Seminarians are professors that teach students. Ignatius of Loyola taught the Seminarians through his spiritual writings. So Ignatius decided that he would build a college that would meet his standards in grammar and human relations that is when he founded the Roman College in February 1551. He also had as many as 300 students sign up for the college the following year, and in 1552 Loyola also established the German College (Dalmases 355). Loyola does this so that he can show that the Jesuits are a good order of monks. He is trying to get more people to come and join the Jesuits. Ignatius made the Jesuits go to school for ten years before they could go and teach. They also had to go to mass once a day and were required to listen to seminars that were spoken in Latin. Loyola did this so that when they went out to be professors they were equipped with the right knowledge and they would know what they were doing. Ignatius did such a good job of teaching his students that people heard about them around the world. The Jesuits were so well known, that universities and schools recruited them. They ended up taking over the teaching in many universities teaching (Simon 105). The Jesuits liked to teach so much that by the 1600’s they had over eighty percent of the Jesuits being teachers. Therefore, Ignatius is an important man because of his works in education and his beliefs that knowledge is an important aspect in the Catholic Church. Another reason that Ignatius of Loyola is important is through his missionaries. Missionaries are people who are sent out to preach about what they believe in and try to get people to switch to their religion. In order to become a Jesuit you had to be willing to do what you told by your superiors. All the missionaries had to go to class to learn about what they  are to preach about (Broderick 904). â€Å"Part of Ignatius’ inspiration was his vision of the Society as carrying out the mission of Christ to defend and extend his kingdom throughout the world† (Meissner 211). Loyola had the missionaries go to many foreign areas such as Africa, Asia, India and many other countries. On of the best-known missionaries was Francis Xavier who traveled all around the East. Loyola knew so well what he was doing that by 1749 he had 3,276 people out being missionaries teaching about the Jesuits. That is one-seventh of the Jesuits. The Jesuits had such good missionary work that that they spread throughout five continents (Broderick 904). Ignatius and the Jesuits had one of the best orders, he not only sent missionaries around the world but he started orders that stayed in the countries and preached about the Jesuits and converted them over to the Catholic Church. Thus Ignatius of Loyola wanted to create a dominant order that would bring Catholicism back to order. The second point that makes Ignatius of Loyola important are his Spiritual writings, he did this by writing the Spiritual Exercises and Constitution. Loyola started writing the Spiritual Exercises after the battle of Pamplona. He started writing the book in 1521 and ended the book twenty-seven years later in 1548 (Lewis 578). Once the book was finished was printed out and used by all the Jesuits. â€Å"The first week in concentrated on with the sinful condition of man and the three other are taken up with the consideration of the life of Christ: His hidden life and public life, His Passion, Resurrection, and Ascension† (Lewis580). They would be told how to use the Spiritual Exercises. The way that they taught the Exercises were that they needed to give the students a summary explanation on what they were learning about. This would help the students to remember the material easier. Therefore, Ignatius made the Spiritual Exercises so that the Jesuits could learn and improve the knowledge of the Christ. The last reason that makes Ignatius of Loyola important was the Constitution. Ignatius created the Constitution after he founded the Jesuits in 1540. The Constitution is made up of a series of laws that consist of obedience, loyalty and respecting the Pope. When Ignatius set up the Constitution he knew that there would be changes in society and that the laws couldn’t stay  the same. So in 1558 the General Constitution made the law that you can adjust or modify the law, as long as there is no disagreement with Papal law (Ignatius 276). The Constitution ended up traveling allover the world with the missionaries and would set the standard for the Catholic Church. Consequently, Loyola wrote the Constitution so that if you became part of the Catholic Church that you would have to the follow the rules that were set. He also wrote them because if you wanted to be a Jesuit you needed to act in an orderly fashion. Ignatius founded the Jesuits and they would soon put their focus on the education and missionaries. Ignatius also was important through his spiritual writings; he did this by writing the Spiritual Exercises and Constitution. This is why Ignatius of Loyola was important because, he not only founded the Jesuits in 1540 but he emphasized on education. He was so interested in education that he started universities. The Jesuits were a major contribution in education around the world. Ignatius of Loyola thought that they needed to spread Catholicism, which is when he sent Jesuits on Missionaries. He would finally get job done by creating orders of monks around the world. He also has contributed the writings of the Spiritual Exercises and the Constitution. The Jesuits for knowledge and discipline look upon these two books. Works Cited Lewis, J. â€Å"Spiritual Exercises.† New Catholic Encyclopedia. 1967. De Dalmases, C â€Å"Saint Ignatius of Loyola.† New Catholic Encyclopedia. 1967. Meissner, W.W. Ignatius of Loyola. New Haven: Yale University Press 1992. Simon, Edith. The Reformation. New York: Time-Life Books, 1996 Ignatius. Ignatius of Loyola. Trans. George E. Ganass. New York: Paulist Press, 1991.

Geologic Time Scale A List of Eons, Eras, and Periods

Providing a Positive Environment for Nursery Children

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